The death toll in far smaller Lebanon still exceeded 120,000. Lebanon attempts to absorb more than half a million Palestinian refugees, not really welcoming them into the society. Since independence in 1946, Lebanon was a divided country. The history of Lebanon contained many periods of prosperity separated by chaos and wars between the different minorities.. Beginning of the Civil War--1975-81 Fullscale civil war broke out in Lebanon in April 1975. June 1976: Some 30,000 Syrian troops enter Lebanon, ostensibly to restore peace. The Lebanese Civil War took place from 1975 to 1990 and claimed the lives of some 200,000 people, which left Lebanon in ruins. After 2 Decades, Scars of Lebanon's Civil War Block Path to Dialogue. Gradually, they turn into defenders of the Gemayel regime against Druze and Shiites in central and South Lebanon. March 11, 1978: Palestinian commandos attack an Israeli kibbutz between Haifa and Tel Aviv, then hijack a bus. Many Lebanese feared that the Tripoli clashes would spread to the rest of the country, plunging it into another war. The 2006 Lebanon War, also called the 2006 Israel–Hezbollah War and known in Lebanon as the July War (Arabic: حرب تموز ‎, Ḥarb Tammūz) and in Israel as the Second Lebanon War (Hebrew: מלחמת לבנון השנייה ‎, Milhemet Levanon HaShniya), was a 34-day military conflict in Lebanon, Northern Israel and the Golan … The world, the region, and the United States do not need that war to resume. Christine Spengler also photographed women combatants—in Lebanon and the Western Sahara. The war killed both civilians and combatants; 164 Israelis died, and over 1,125 Lebanese perished, most of whom were civilians. June 16, 1985: Hezbollah militants hijack a TWA flight to Beirut, demanding the release of Shiite prisoners in Israeli jails. The English Civil War cost 200,000 lives, the American Civil War over 600,000. Week-long clashes between Palestinian-Muslim forces and Phalangists follow, marking the beginning of Lebanon’s 15-year civil war. It revolved around some of the issues that dominated regional politics in the Middle East in the latter part of the 20th century, including the Palestine-Israel conflict, Cold War competition, Arab nationalism and political Islam. Pierre Tristam is an award-winning writer who covers Middle East, foreign affairs, immigration, and civil liberties. He has been writing for more than 20 years. They fought on opposite sides of the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990), Saad for the communists and Chaftari for a right-wing Christian militia. Richard Lathrop, John McDonald and Jim Laurier, This page was last edited on 23 November 2020, at 14:27. Conflicts over these issues intersected with longstan… Christians lose their majority in Parliament, settling for a 50-50 split, though the president is to remain a Maronite Christian, the prime minister a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of Parliament a Shiite Muslim. The Lebanese Civil War (Arabic: الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية ‎, romanized: Al-Ḥarb al-Ahliyyah al-Libnāniyyah) was a multifaceted civil war in Lebanon, lasting from 1975 to 1990 and resulting in an estimated 120,000 fatalities.As of 2012, approximately 76,000 people remain displaced within Lebanon. April 18, 1983: The American Embassy in Beirut is attacked by a suicide bomb, killing 63. In retaliation, Phalangist gunmen ambush a busload of Palestinians, most of them civilians, killing 27 passengers. They have also joined the ranks of combatants. November 22, 1989: President-Elect René Muawad, believed to have been a reunification candidate, is assassinated. A wide variety of weapons were used by the different armies and factions operating in the Lebanese Civil War. Israel, over a period of weeks following the resolution of the hijacking, released some 700 prisoners, insisting the release was not related to the hijacking. Paul Jureidini, R. D. McLaurin, and James Price. The operation fails. The two-month drive leads the Israeli army to the southern suburbs of Beirut. Steven J. Zaloga, Jim Kinnear and Peter Sarson. Syria opposes the agreement, which was never ratified by the Lebanese parliament and canceled in 1987. The conflict was exacerbated by the participation of foreign actors, especially the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), Syria, and Israel. During … The issues that inflamed the war — and those that continue to fuel the situation in southern Lebanon — go to the very The invasion is, in fact, Syria’s attempt to claim Lebanon, which it never recognized when Lebanon won independence from France in 1943. September 23, 1982: Amin Gemayel, brother of Bashir, takes office as Lebanon’s president. 1/72 scale model of a Guardians of the Cedars M35A1 gun-truck with ZU-23-2 Anti-Aircraft autocannon. Throughout the spring of 1975, minor clashes in Lebanon had been building up towards all-out conflict, with the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) pitted against the Phalange, and the ever-weaker national government wavering between the need to maintain order and cater to its constituency. March 14, 1978: Some 25,000 Israeli soldiers crossed the Lebanese border in Operation Litani, named for the Litani River that crosses South Lebanon, not 20 miles from the Israeli border. The two combatant coalitions in the Civil War were the right- wing Christian Lebanese Front, sometimes called the Kufur Front, and the left-wing Muslim Lebanese National Movement. Combatants included: the leftist-Muslim militias of the Lebanese National Movement coalition; the rightist-Christian militias of the Lebanese … August 30, 1982: After intense mediation led by the United States, Yasser Arafat and the Palestine Liberation Organization, which had run a state-within-a-state in West Beirut and South Lebanon, evacuate Lebanon. Clashes between the Marines and the Lebanese Shiites living in Beirut’s southern suburbs also turned the United States into a combatant in the Lebanese civil war. The force is still in Lebanon today. They were not being properly represented in the government, as the leader of their country was Christian. Syria’s intervention stops vast military gains against Christians by Palestinian-Muslim forces. There was also an exodus of almost one million people from Lebanon … Simon Dunstam, Terry Hadler and David E. Smith. Most end up in the West Bank and Gaza. Palestinians in Lebanon vow to escalate their attacks on Israel. war zones. They wanted a voice in the government. A wide variety of weapons were used by the different armies and factions operating in the Lebanese Civil War. Supporters lauded Hezbollah’s endurance and supposed victory against Israel, while others accused the organization of instigating an unnecessary and highly destructive war. The geographic area comprising modern Lebanon fell under the control Arab culture following the Muslim conquest of the Levant (634-638 CE), although it had previously become a major center of Christianity in the 4th and 5th centuries CE, in particular being the b… June 13, 1978: Israel withdraws, mostly, from occupied territory, handing over authority to the breakaway Lebanese Army force of Maj. Saad Haddad, which expands its operations in South Lebanon, operating as an Israeli ally. The camp was the last large Muslim outpost in the midst of the predominantly Christian inhabited area of north Lebanon and had a population estimated at 15,000 in the mid-1970s. After shots were fired at a church, gunmen in Christian East Beirut ambushed a busload of Palestinians. Gen. Emile Lahoud is named to replace Gen. Michel Aoun as commander of the Lebanese army. The workaday manner with which the combatants traded artillery salvos along that Green Line for 14 years symbolized the controlled routine into which the Lebanese civil war had evolved. On the morning of 13 April 1975, unidentified gunmen in a speeding car fired on a church in the Christian East Beiruts… Much of Lebanon’s infrastructure was shattered, as was Lebanon’s reputation as a rare model of cross-sectarian coexistence in the Arab Middle East. The Lebanese Civil War was one of the most devastating conflicts of the late 20th … Lebanon operates under two rival governments: a military government led by renegade general Michel Aoun, and a civil government headed by Selim el Hoss, a Sunni Muslim. Source: The Palestinian Museum Digital Archive, Yusef al-Qutob Collection. 1982. By then, the United States is actively engaged in Lebanon’s civil war on the side of the Gemayel government. October 1976: Egyptian, Saudi, and other Arab troops in small numbers join the Syrian force as a result of a peace summit brokered in Cairo. Evidence of habitation in this region dates to at least 5000 BCE, and modern Lebanon is considered part of the original territory of the Phoenician People. The Lebanese Civil War was both an internal Lebanese affair and a regional conflict involving a host of regional and international actors. September 22, 1988: The presidency of Amin Gemayel ends without a successor. Sept. 15, 1982: Israeli troops invade West Beirut, the first time an Israeli force enters an Arab capital. Paul Jackson, "Mirage III/5/50 Variant Briefing: Part 1: Dassault's Delta". The so-called Arab Deterrent Force would be short-lived. The Red Cross estimates the invasion costs the lives of some 18,000 people, mostly civilian Lebanese. At first, French and American soldiers play a neutral role. The war triggers a devastating final round to the Lebanese Civil War as Christian factions battle it out. Gen. Ariel Sharon leads the attack. Lebanese and Arab leaders meet in Taif, Saudi Arabia, under the leadership of Lebanese Sunni leader Rafik Hariri. Beirut, Lebanon. It is estimated that there were 120,000 fatalities – civilians and combatants. Lebanese Civil War, civil conflict (1975–90) in Lebanon characterized by the deterioration of the state and the coalescence of militias along communal lines. Guardians of the Cedars M35A1 gun-truck fitted with a ZU-23-2 AA autocannon, c.1976. September 1978: U.S. President Jimmy Carter brokers the Camp David accords between Israel and Egypt, the first Arab-Israeli peace. The article traces the evolution of Hezbollah’s combatant identity from the Lebanese civil war, through its post-agreement political transition, until the group’s involvement in the Syrian … U.S.-Made Airplanes Deployed in Libya's Civil War, in Defiance of U.N. (note: the Syrian Army, PLO, Palestinian PLA and IDF are not included on this list), Medium machine gun and Heavy machine guns, Technicals, transport and recovery vehicles, Vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Colt Single Action Army second generation revolver, Colt Cobra .38 Special snub-nose revolver, Enfield L42A1 (military version) and Enforcer (Police version) rifles, Shoulder-launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon, Hotchkiss-Brandt TDA MO-120-RT-61 120mm towed heavy mortar, 2S4 240mm towed breech-loading heavy mortar, DKB Grad-P 122mm Light portable rocket system, M1944 (BS-3) 100mm anti-tank and field gun, BTR-50PK amphibious armoured personnel carrier, Panhard M3 VTT armoured personnel carrier, Land-Rover short and long wheelbase series II-III, Dodge D series (3rd generation) light pickup, Chevrolet C/K 3rd generation pickup truck, Nissan Patrol 160-Series pickup (3rd generation), Chevrolet/GMC G-Series third generation van, Mercedes-Benz Unimog 406 and 416 light trucks, Fairey Marine Tracker MkII Class patrol boat, Lebanese Armed Forces Out of Service Equipment, Republic of Serbia: Ministry of Economy and of Regional Development, "Annual Report on the Transfers of Controlled Goods in 2008", "Post-WWII use of the MAS-36 rifle: Part II (export users)", http://world.guns.ru/rifle/autoloading-rifles/fr/mas-1949-and-4956-e.html, "Military rifle cartridges of Lebanon Part 2: from independence to Hezbollah", http://www.bavarianm1carbines.com/carbinesnara.html, http://www.lexpev.nl/grenades/middleeastasia/china/stickgrenadetype67.html. September 22, 1989: The Arab League brokers a cease-fire. Sept. 15-16, 1982: Under the supervision of Israeli forces, Christian militiamen are bused into the two Palestinian refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila, ostensibly to “mop up” remaining Palestinian fighters. March 14, 1989: Gen. Michel Aoun declares a “war of Liberation” against Syrian occupation. This month marks the 40th anniversary of the Lebanese Civil War that started on the 13th of April 1975. Between 2,000 and 3,000 Palestinian civilians are massacred. Militants murder U.S. Navy diver Robert Stethem. It’s a fair bet that Amazon will not be delivering, Applebee’s will not be open for business — and if you think it’s hard to … The Taif agreement effectively lays the groundwork for an end to the war by reapportioning power in Lebanon. Combatants included: The list below comprises all the weapons and equipment employed by the LNM, Lebanese Front, LAA, AFL, LF, IUM, Hezbollah, Al-Mourabitoun, NLA, Druze PLA, SLA, LAF, ISF, and lesser Lebanese groups. Some 6,000 PLO fighters go mostly to Tunisia, where they are again dispersed. https://web.archive.org/web/20160728223823/http://www.inss.org.il/uploadimages/SystemFiles/lebanon.pdf, http://www.warwheels.net/Model_M35A2wBoforsASSAD.html, http://osw.zone/paint-weathering-diorama/vallejo-colors/135-btr-152-apc-armed-with-bofors-40-mm-gunnlp-tigers-militialebanon1976-by/. September 24, 1982: The U.S.-French-Italian Multinational Force returns to Lebanon in a show of force and support for the Gemayel’s government. One of Taro’s iconic photographs of the Spanish Civil War is an evocative black-and-white picture of a woman on one knee, aiming her pistol to shoot. The problem with this was that Shias and Sunnis both wanted more power in government than each other. civil ? This area was one of the first fronts of the war that began in April 1975. Tall al-Zaʿtar, former Palestinian refugee camp, Jabal Lubnān muḥāfaẓah (governorate), central Lebanon, north of Beirut, near Nabʿa. The Lebanese Civil War was a multi-sided military conflict that pitted a variety of local irregular militias, both Muslim and Christian, against each other between 1975 and 1990. October 13, 1990: Michel Aoun takes refuge in the French Embassy, then chooses exile in Paris (he was to return as a Hezbollah ally in 2005). August 24, 1982: A multinational force of U.S. Marines, French paratroopers, and Italian soldiers lands in Beirut to assist in the evacuation of the Palestine Liberation Organization. April 13, 1975: Gunmen attempt to assassinate Maronite Christian Phalangist leader Pierre Gemayel as he’s leaving church that Sunday. The invasion is designed to wipe out the Palestine Liberation Organization’s structure in South Lebanon. How can the war in and on Lebanon be called civil? The Battle of the Hotels, also known as the "Hotel front" or "Front des Hotels" in French, was a subconflict within the 1975–77 phase of the Lebanese Civil War which occurred in the Minet-el-Hosn hotel district of downtown Beirut. A Toyota Land Cruiser BJ40/42 of the AMAL militia in 1984 armed with a Chinese made Type 56 75mm recoilless rifle. The Lebanese civil war had significant negative repercussions beyond Lebanon’s boundaries, including on U.S. interests. Its original mandate was for six months. Hezbollah offers an interesting case to examine the resilience of the combatant framework during and in the aftermath of conflict. Between 150,000 and 200,000 people, most of them civilians, are believed to have perished in the war. The Lebanese Civil War took place from 1975 to 1990 and claimed the lives of some 200,000 people, which left Lebanon in ruins. With the end of the Lebanese Civil War in 1990, a clear need emerged for the construction of new cultural and political movements that could critically review the experience of the conflict, while questioning the broader issues which constituted the basis of the fighting. Sept. 14, 1982: The Israeli-backed Christian Phalangist leader and Lebanese President-Elect Bashir Gemayel is assassinated at his headquarters in East Beirut. It was divided down the middle between a Christian population that made up 45% of Lebanon's citizens and the upper class and the remaining 55%, which consisted of Muslims and Druze. This was the time when we, a group of ex-combatants from different political and religious factions, came together and decided to speak out against the violence and hostility we were witnessing. He is replaced by Selim el Hoss. May 17, 1983: Lebanon and Israel sign a U.S.-brokered peace agreement that calls for the withdrawal of Israeli troops contingent on the withdrawal of Syrian troops from northern and eastern Lebanon. In 1… I think it would be interesting to look at things from a different point of view, and since… He is replaced by Elias Harawi. Israeli forces respond. The article states clearly that it was between Lebanese, Syrians, Palestinians and at least a few more nationalities. The hotel was a war zone beginning on October 25, 1975 in a months-long conflict known as the Battle of the Hotels, as over 25,000 combatants fought for control of a group of towering luxury hotels including the Holiday Inn and the adjacent Phoenicia Inter-Continental, resulting in over 1000 deaths (many of those who died were … March 19, 1978: The United Nations Security Council adopts Resolution 425, sponsored by the United States, calling on Israel to withdraw from South Lebanon and on the UN to establish a 4,000-strong UN peacekeeping force in South Lebanon. The force is termed the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon. The sectarian splits in Lebanese society ripped open by the war never closed. October 23, 1983: U.S. Marines barracks near Beirut International Airport, on the south side of the city, are attacked by a suicide bomber in a truck, killing 241 Marines. 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