More than 60 per cent of the world's population growth between 2008 and 2100 will be in sub-Saharan Africa, comprising 32 per cent and South Asia by 30 per cent. The most extensive mangroves develop on the deltaic fan of the Atrato River, although smaller areas are found in smaller deltas. 0 Extinctions and invasions in species-poor mangrove in the Neotropics are expected to bring notorious ecosystem-wide effects [75]. [. To provide the knowledge of causes of population growth and government’s efforts to check it. In addition, cattle ranching has been a major economic activity since the early 20th century. Mangrove communities including invertebrates, fishes, and plants are also highly susceptible to damage from petroleum products. fish periwinkle, oysters, bivalves, etc. Selective logging and conversion to pastures have negative effects in forest structure and species composition, above-ground biomass and carbon reservoir, invasiveness, and benthic fauna in the Urabá Gulf mangroves. < Conversely, A. aureum was also reported naturally occurring as an understory plant in A. germinans stands in La Mancha (Gulf of Mexico [71]. Ecosystem-Wide Impacts of Deforestation in Mangroves: The Urabá Gulf (Colombian Caribbean) Case Study, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia, D. M. Alongi, “Present state and future of the world's mangrove forests,”, E. J. Farnsworth and A. M. Ellison, “The global conservation status of mangroves,”, I. Valiela, J. L. Bowen, and J. K. York, “Mangrove forests: one of the world's threatened major tropical environments,”, S. Rist and F. Dahdouh-Guebas, “Ethnosciences—a step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future,”, B. Deforestation alters forest structure and species composition [13]. Mangrove forests are among the most threatened habitats in the world, and mangrove loss is rampant across the globe. The Urabá Gulf (also known as the Darién Ecoregion) is the southernmost location of mangroves in the Caribbean basin (Figure 1), where presumably well-developed and extensive mangrove stands are found, exceeding the figures observed along the Caribbean coasts of Costa Rica, Panamá, and Southern Colombia [18, 37, 38]. Herbicides, oil spills, and other types of pollutants may kill mangroves. [15] The selective logging in the suburban mangroves in the vicinity of Turbo (48.3 MgC/ha) did not significantly reduce total C storage compared to other locations. Generation of Waste: Due to his destructive activities, man […] In addition, community and population metrics, otherwise uncorrelated with physicochemical variables under natural conditions [84], became significantly explained by temperature and pH in deforested mangroves [86]. temperature; 2) a . These structural and floristic features are more alike to the mangroves in the Pacific coast than to the Caribbean coast of Colombia, probably due to the large freshwater discharge they receive from the Atrato River. Mangroves are putatively vulnerable to climate change, especially sea level rise, depending on factors such as coastal topography and the presence of barriers to landward migration. No correlation was observed between the selective logging of A. germinans and the IVI of L. racemosa in basin mangroves, contrary to the observed in Belizean [64] and Puerto Rican [66] mangroves. The role of mangroves in coastal risk reduction 13 2.1 Mangroves reduce wave damage 14 2.2 Mangroves reduce damage from large storms 16 2.3 Mangroves can help to reduce tsunami damage 18 2.4 Mangroves reduce erosion and bind soils together 20 2.5 Mangroves may keep up with sea level rise 22 Section 3. Dahdouh-Guebas and Koedam [34] proposed that a transdisciplinary approach is required in order to advance in the knowledge of complex issues such as deforestation and climate change in mangroves. Selective logging increased the importance value of the light-tolerant white mangrove Laguncularia racemosa, also increasing biomass and carbon storage in this species, thus offsetting reductions in other species. Mangroves are essential to maintain coastal fisheries, protect property and coastlines from the effects of cyclones and storms and protect coral reefs from sediments and pollutants. Colombia, located in the northernmost corner of South America, with coasts in both the Caribbean and the Pacific, exhibits the largest annual deforestation rate out of the eight South American countries with mangroves [13]. Its effects are felt on the natural environment also. In contrast to selective logging, a major impact is predicted from mangrove conversion to pasture as the entire above-ground reservoir is translocated to the ground as dead wood, in situ decomposed, and gradually washed away or emitted to the atmosphere [60]. Annual population growth rate (1993–2005) in this municipality (7.2%) is threefold compared to state- and national-level figures [43]. [15] In order to tackle this issue, several urban planning …  cm). At a landscape scale, we also reported that both selective logging and mangrove reclamation were responsible for reduced density in N. virginea (as well as in Melampus coffeus-Ellobiidae, a typical mangrove pulmonate gastropod) in Punta Yarumal in the vicinity of Turbo [40]. , based on data from [42, 50]). Future anthropogenic impacts on coastal ecosystems and mangroves will only increase as human populations in coastal regions are steadily increasing (Polidoro et al. C) The world's population growth varies dramatically from country to country. Although ethnoecological studies have been instrumental for reconstruction of past uses of mangroves and impacts derived [8, 46, 47, 54], more studies are urged for the Neotropics because a few case studies exist (e.g., Mexico: [55], Venezuela: [53]) and most of the examples concentrate in the Indopacific [6]. The International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List shows that of 68,574 species of invertebrates, 8,374 were on the brink of extinction. Urban development of areas in and near mangroves results in the destruction of this habitat as well as other associated wetland habitats. 𝑟 The objective of this paper was to summarize the impacts of both threats on forest structure, species composition, aboveground biomass and carbon reservoir, species introgressions, and benthic fauna populations by collating past and current data and by using an interdisciplinary approach in the Urabá Gulf (Colombia) as a case study. Population growth has been the most discussed demographic dimension of the food crisis because of its very direct impact on the growth in food demand. Population density in 2005 also exceeded national-level values (52 and 41 inhab./km2, resp.). This increases the challenge of adequately meeting nutritional needs. Human activity upland from mangroves may also impact water quality … 6. The early inventories conducted in the most pristine areas (Atrato River Delta and Rionegro Cove) revealed that self-thinning was the most evident driver of structure in red mangrove stands ( 2011). aims and objectives of the paper. Contrary to the observed in many places, mangroves in the Urabá Gulf are exploited for a few uses, and, in general, they are disregarded as a source of goods and services. Inland areas are sandy and mostly inhabited by button wood mangroves (Conocarpus erectus) and grass species while … Photo courtesy Office of Response and Restoration/NOAA, Satellite image Hurricane Floyd near the Florida Coast, Hurricane making landfall. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest population growth rate in the world. Finally, selective logging might be responsible for local extinction of the vulnerable mangrove species Pelliciera rhizophorae (Figure 3: Puerto Cesar-Punta Coquito and Atrato River Delta; but recently recorded in Punta Las Vacas). Most of the reliable current knowledge about mangrove change has been obtained by combining coastal land mapping and field surveys in Indopacific locations (e.g., [25–27]). he growth of population over the last half century was for a time matched by similar world-wide increases in utilizable resources. Regardless of the mangrove location, R. mangle contributed most of the carbon reservoir but in the suburban basin mangroves L. racemosa contributed a similar amount (Table 2). Source: United Nations, DESA, World Population Prospects 2019. Colombia’s Caribbean Coast harbors 88250 ha of mangroves strongly threatened by human activities [15–18]. Such practices in mangroves and coastal-plain forests are responsible for high annual deforestation rates (1.9% [51]) exceeding those observed in Colombian terrestrial forest hotspots [52]. . Extent and frequency of reference to rapid population growth among the 40 National Adaptation Programmes of Action reports herbicide: a chemical substance that controls or kills plants. A. Jimenez, “A hypothesis to explain the reduced distribution of the mangrove, C. Jaramillo and G. Bayona, “Mangrove distribution during the Holocene in Tribuga Gulf, Colombia,”, L. D. Lacerda, J. E. Conde, B. Kjerfve, R. Álvarez-León, C. Alarcón, and J. Polanía, “American Mangrovesp,” in, B. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. Typhoon Haiyan’s severity in 2013 was likely population related because the huge population of Homo sapiens […] 0 For instance, in Quintana Roo (México) an annual deforestation rate of 0.85% (1995–2007) for fringing mangroves was mostly driven by low-density human settlements and road construction [24]. Nature and natural resources are destroyed as human populations grow. Mangroves settled in the Eastern Coast have been decimated, contrary to the observed in Atrato River Delta and the Rionegro Cove. This destruction exacerbating economic stress of largely low-income, fast growing local population, who are driven to exploit mangroves despite clear signs of degradation. As a case study, we used the Urabá Gulf (Colombian Caribbean), an ecologically important yet threatened ecoregion located in the northern part of the Biogeographic Chocó biodiversity hotspot [35, 36]. In conclusion, selective (noncommercial and unplanned) logging in Urabá Gulf mangroves, particularly in the Eastern Coast, already shows signs of unsustainability, and it is worsened by the rapid mangrove conversion to pastures. Worldwide there is growing research interest in the ethnobiology of mangrove forests. Extraction of poles from R. mangle trees with DBH < 15 cm has also been reported from Venezuela [53]. The objectives of Part 1 are as follows: Introduce basic concepts related to population projections, including fertility, mortality, and migration. This decline has led to a negative chain of effects in other ecosystems that are dependent on mangrove forest for survival. ADVERTISEMENTS: Effects of Population Growth on our Environment! , Therefore, conservation efforts should prevent clearing mangroves in the Atrato River delta in order to avoid releasing significant amounts of carbon to the atmosphere and to the ocean, thus negatively impacting the Gulf’s budget. Nonetheless, Laguncularia pollen and Acrostichum spore records underscore the prevalence of human and natural disturbances in Caribbean mangroves, because pollen and spores are widespread distributed by water and air [70]. With 18% of the region’s mangrove cover, deforestation rate in this country (1.1 and 0.6%) exceeded the South American average (0.69 and 0.18%) in estimates for 1980–1990 and 2000–2005. Under the future impacts of climate change the paper says the population at risk more than doubles, and GDP at risk increases nearly three-fold. Responsible for total loss of mangrove habitat in some locations, urban development includes the construction of buildings and canal systems as well as the consumption of water by a growing human population. In terms of forest structure, selective logging has decimated trees in the DBH range 7–17 cm due to the extraction of R. mangle poles. Deforestation rates in mangroves are four times greater than those in terrestrial tropical rain forests. Coastal wetlands may transition from salt marsh to mangrove‐dominated for a number of reasons: (1) mangroves are generally found at lower elevations compared to salt marshes in Australia, so can tolerate projected increased inundation; (2) mangroves exhibit greater rates of surface elevation change compared to salt marshes, so can better keep pace with SLR; and (3) other facilitative interactions between both ecosystems (Friess et al. Mangroves dominate tropical coasts and provide important services to humans, yet they are one of the most threatened ecosystems partially due to deforestation [1–3]. Finally, basin mangroves were more threatened than fringing mangroves due to their proximity to expanding pastures, villages, and a coastal city. Mangroves are victims of dredging, filling, and diking, water pollution from oil spills and herbicides, and urban development within the state of Florida. Photo courtesy South Florida Water Management District. population growth . Yet most of the information about deforestation remains as grey literature [15–18, 21], and, unfortunately, quantitative assessments of mangrove deforestation (using both follow-up remote sensing and field inventories) at a subnational level are scant and limited to strategic ecoregions such as the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta [22]. Such reductions seemed to be primarily mediated by changes in surface sediment properties (e.g., pH, temperature, organic matter content) and microhabitat complexity (trees, prop roots, and pneumatophores). F.A.O. The main objective of this study is to contribute to the sustainable management of mangrove forests in Cameroon through assessing the impact of fish smoking activities on mangrove resources. ecosystems continue to decline or be degraded due to anthropogenic impacts, natural causes, or the additive Future anthropogenic impacts on coastal ecosystems and mangroves will only increase as human populations in coastal regions are steadily increasing (Polidoro et al. Mangroves are very susceptible to herbicides as demonstrated in South Vietnam by the U.S. military by the defoliation and destruction of over 250,000 acres (1,012 square kilometers) of mangroves. The objective of this paper was to answer the following questions. The greatest risk is in East Asia, especially in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Myanmar. ADVERTISEMENTS: After reading this article you will learn about the Population Education:- 1. In addition, since specific ecosystem services are provided by particular mangrove species and physiognomies [7], the observed patterns and rates of selective logging and reclamation in the Urabá Gulf will probably produce negative feedbacks in human populations deriving direct and indirect services from mangroves. J. F. Blanco, E. A. Estrada, L. F. Ortiz, L. E. Urrego, "Ecosystem-Wide Impacts of Deforestation in Mangroves: The Urabá Gulf (Colombian Caribbean) Case Study", International Scholarly Research Notices, vol. Mangroves are specially adapted to high salinities and temperatures, tidal changes, and anaerobic sediments. 𝑃 Yet few studies have been able to make historical reconstructions [24, 25, 28, 29]. But it is possible that the effect of population growth on economic development has been exaggerated, or that no single generalization is justified for countries differing as widely in growth rates, densities, and income levels as do today's less developed areas. Responsible for total loss of mangrove habitat in some locations, urban development includes the construction of buildings and canal systems as well as the consumption of water by a growing human population. Finally, selective logging and mangrove conversion to pastures were responsible for density declines of dominant gastropods (N. virginea) in mangrove canopy gaps and edges, and it is hypothesized that cascading effects may consequently occur in sediment bioturbation and leaflitter processing. This rapid increase is no longer due to a high growth rate acting on a relatively small population base. . (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), “The world’s mangroves 1980–2005,” FAO Forestry Paper 153, FAO, Rome, Italy, 2007. The mangrove population has felt both direct and indirect effects due to coastal engineering and human development, resulting in a devastating decline in population. Six of these identified rapid population growth as a priority issue to be addressed by the NAPA strategy while only three of the 40 reports did not mention population growth at all. Mangrove forest provides services by acting as a breeding ground for aquatic organisms (e.g. 5 However, due to unrestricted urban sprawl caused by the exponential growth of the city’s population, the settlement zone area reached 39,235 ha, which exceeds the limit by 5537 ha. Under current climate and mangrove coverage, 3.5 million people and GDP worth roughly $400 million are at risk. Clearing mangrove areas due to natural disturbances such as hurricanes has resulted in introgressions by fast-growing mangrove and nonmangrove species [61–65], and it is likely that selective logging and clear cutting may produce similar outcomes [46]. Mangrove forests of Indus delta, covering an area of about 600,000 hectares, constitute an important ecosystem in the coastal deltaic region formed by the River Indus. Campus Parking Supply Impacts on Transportation Mode-Choice Raj Bridgelall, Ph.D. (Mohamed, 2008) Kenya has a coastline of about 600 km bordering the western Indian Ocean, there are extensive mangrove forests, a complex western bays and some coral island (Mwaguni & Muthiga, 2005). Mangroves are ecologically important and extensive in the Neotropics, but they are visibly threatened by selective logging and conversion to pastures in the Southern Caribbean. Need and Importance of Population Education 3. Meaning and Definition of Population Education 2. B. Walters, P. Rönnbäck, J. M. Kovacs et al., “Ethnobiology, socio-economics and management of mangrove forests: a review,”, K. C. Ewel, R. R. Twilley, and J. E. Ong, “Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services,”, F. Dahdouh-Guebas, E. Van Hiel, J. C.-W. Chan, L. P. Jayatissa, and N. Koedam, “Qualitative distinction of congeneric and introgressive mangrove species in mixed patchy forest assemblages using high spatial resolution remotely sensed imagery (IKONOS),”, F. Dahdouh-Guebas and N. Koedam, “Coastal vegetation and the Asian tsunami,”, S. Bouillon, V. Rivera-Monroy, R. R. Twilley, and J. G. Kairo, “Mangrove,” in, D. C. Donato, J. Under current climate and mangrove coverage, 3.5 million people and GDP worth roughly $400 million are at risk. Population growth and its impacts on nature and natural resources. ECOFOREST, “Evaluación general del manglar, Golfo de Urabá. 2010). Mangrove species that form dense and often monospecific stands are considered “foundation species” that control population and ecosystem dynamics, including fluxes of energy and nutrients, hydrology, food webs, and biodiversity [16]. This decline has led to a negative chain of effects in other ecosystems that are dependent on mangrove forest for survival. These land and coastal activities result in increased erosion as well as the reduction of nursery areas supporting commercial and game fisheries. In addition to selective logging, basin mangroves are cleared for understory cattle ranching and for establishing pastures (Figure 4). Nonetheless, the low total aboveground C reservoir in basin mangroves in Punta Las Vacas-Punta Yarumal (17.5 MgC/ha) and the relatively high proportion stored in L. racemosa (5.2 MgC/ha = 30% of total reservoir) may reflect a strong pressure by selective logging and pasture expansion. 𝑟 These are the. With a diverse range of techniques available for restoration and rehabilitation, it is important to ensure that a clear objective exists . Additional funds came from a Universidad Nacional-DIME grant (code 20101007166) to L. Urrego-Giraldo, and a Universidad de Antioquia-CODI grant (“Mangrove fragmentation in Urabá Gulf”) to E. Estrada and J. Blanco. While mangroves located in the Atrato River Delta (3846 ha) and the Rionegro Cove (342 ha), the most extensive areas, have seemly experienced little change in extent during more than two decades, mangroves settled along the Eastern Coast (León River and Punta Coquito: 192 ha; Guadualito and Currulao rivers: 214 ha; Punta Yarumal and Turbo Bay: 145 ha; Caimán Nuevo River: 103 ha) have been dramatically shrunk due to expanding agricultural and pasture lands and urban areas, particularly near the Turbo Municipality (247 638 inhabitants). The north coastal area of Makassar which includes 4 districts is a strategic region in Makassar, namely Untia, Bira, Parangloe, and Tallo. Oil treatments caused mass mortality of both epifauna and infauna within two days of oiling. Provisioning services are the most commonly appreciated and include sources of timber, fibers and nonwoody products, fuels (firewood and charcoal), food (fisheries), biochemical products, and freshwater; however, the role of mangroves in climatic and hydrologic modulation, erosion control, protection against natural hazards, soil formation, and nutrient cycling has been recently recognized. It is in contrast with the observed in some areas of Mexico, where L. racemosa is preferably exploited for woody products over A. germinans and R. mangle, species that are mostly used for nonwoody products (i.e., medicine and leather dying), while no wood is burned for charcoal production [29]. Average $ impact, bar width proportional to percent of respondents stating that the initiative will have a material impact Annual $ impact is the impact of operating model initiatives in $ per annum including reduction of cost, capital required, improvement of cash and revenue growth * Some data not reported due to sample size limitations Uses and sizes for a given mangrove species may differ from one place to another even within a single region in many parts of the world [29, 32]. In contrast, the bottom-dwelling and numerically dominant gastropod N. virginea moves extensively along the intertidal zone covered by mangroves due to their diadromous behavior [40, 78, 79], and, therefore, selective logging and clearing promote population fragmentation because they cannot venture out of the flooded areas, particularly into the newly established pastures [40, 41]. Interestingly, both L. racemosa and A. aureum, otherwise mangrove intrograders, also coexisted naturally with the swamp bloodwood Pterocarpus officinalis, and other two mangrove species in coastal forests developed in very low salinities in the southern part of the Urabá Gulf (e.g., Punta Coquito-Puerto Cesar). 41€‰Inhab./Km2, resp. ) After reading this article we will be providing unlimited waivers of publication for! Images [ 17, 42 ] affected and their families structure, selective logging increased the IVI of L.,! In 2050 people and GDP worth roughly $ 400 million are at risk of flooding and plants are highly. A net impact on mangrove due to population growth aims and objectives in total reservoir will learn about the importance and objectives of planning in an economy to population! Seawalls behind mangrove … Campus Parking Supply impacts on Transportation Mode-Choice Raj Bridgelall, Ph.D articles well... 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