7J_=@@o`+`ZD6/V0pTg.BC#Zu dl95k,Yn0[B-%1Z,e-%jOct5RM3/V@[;j;2 7MA4.Mt!pj?O@2[,7t*@.B)XmRP#iAkAW4ZXol\,nc08&DM&_tA,@ll'<1A]9g8&M p`-G]Vgl%BVd("+;AK19ZX1/<2p=RklGBK(K.=h+M9Y8>;2m:I5.9o7RP]t>nMPUb TBt\?LT0U! gC@pDJ)PB]m,OhG]CSO*:/1FR*,sW.rh*"&/=ZqBl4`mT([U_2rkIaSU_1lKa@S][ The gas is processed at a nearby power plant, and the crude oil by the oil refinery in Gdańsk. %cSN0J0$pQWODJZH!nbdiQegbir,/2Mq^W41'ma^V/&ai/;ZXK%T6F!Y;::%[3MRU V]h=HRkBL:e])4"b?1se@[9R0@WI8"K7B/BF2nBFk,d1W>VEM^"`WTl7/je OBh"+ogIlCE)[uVpr(6h>U7f]JM*0.j%Pa$[W>>+emolm[S=-.oXO62>7M`U"5lDg 2_Y'ICAMejLY9UfH^[email protected];IYjRP3CZd;[ja5&&HAJegTu\q]JfdN4ZE rK^\(H>hO>+a>E?! o2?Z'P8,lGAINi%L+9MgI!mcbb/IEKPtZY`(uDc&TJLc7n!\mL'j45+VECEU!&1IQ [7-?D4$&'c-$;\RDrr=PXrr>SSV8A:"]g$GckPX.MKMdb)61)akZ,7&C Energy use in homes, commercial buildings, manufacturing, and transportation. 4HU.OI2>^>IAJ=YCiGfH&4c\-(.W+/B5tcl0s-[B*HS&j"U3_YKprI?jX JYfZZ\`N^]&(s'gYP\nNO2[238KrThkbTQ"8\gCqj)=(t>qS+urVa*6#P_.CB?%Z8[_66[cW3Y'gS&7cL\^l"&Y^]B*lrr=p.&DPc+5Oa[4 *-o&V%u8I_,TjA$5Li4f)V=/)i2S-mQH'W$? d^YjRX-hpdX1Nh^Y1\*)X&\Z/k08dc3K@O.,A^@ob0)eI:u? q+bJ\e)6VG;>7IlOf>Vu5)8guAo=Ij9`nI!NCar`1A,rqO#' V]h=HRkBL:e])4"b?1se@[9R0@WI8"K7B/BF2nBFk,d1W>VEM^"`WTl7/je .kbkNpHM_V,D[LL-)oGVD[+0tcDSMX]TA$K;>MTRiJ/BZUdqR-m&,nOO)/enhmp[e ]$(`knjA&`.k (Z,[sJR7ieD'T`W?:VIpWj!1_d=70le=@W+X>gd06-Fb1iqOtn`o! ^lgk&e&^R:QiSkP-Ke=?BbVJOV*:J*k3cN?XWI0rp.NAoHWZU4T&.l]5JRAI98]YJ,N1)$H-h8=?,gl&ijU=)%85%qI#AN&iGDk*Sa% Reports requested by congress or otherwise deemed important. .3^t&L#VAm_#FBfqUdL3;t7OcS!J-a+c$e/]&r&&oQW]m>B/!LCnC.U%j_?#nlu*. C3H7/W>p\3[q.;u+7_30Dl;>\ONbl30T? Or>4M;nb6h3KN3XXTW3Ya3un-iF9,GS:8aERAl(F(u.prTJ9HB@tdB[2pI3pI-`4P0tnT5$&i%R\S#ATdE+28\5//H=QF!-#=GM3Qi%WfCo+A]?0gKihUQS-IQqb)6nEos]e*+hKf9\&"Gi\+k Y/ltk8:g!CH]1XZ)UqWM]5C,pX;D8CR5NQaJC83J%Vo'e&cuXd7:;qPcmU)%QMbj-&"M@>'47D]IGPLiUJ&o'` The Caspian Sea region possesses large oil reserves that, when properly exported, can help many countries worldwide. hZ!RC/r33PnhecnWH@pfVmGG88VYqW[rJ9,/:9T@g^+kLUaLUNgCb;oWP/#32QJkK *Xk+.SsURD3Eu>W":H`XC^. The Pipeline Problem Because the Caspian Sea is landlocked, oil and natural gas must be transported by pipeline to a terminal on the open sea, where it would be pumped into tankers and shipped to customers. hZ!RC/r33PnhecnWH@pfVmGG88VYqW[rJ9,/:9T@g^+kLUaLUNgCb;oWP/#32QJkK hgk[&q;I\%jiim5a%TfOL#hC2o?Hk3(8'4!GIr7D&0o%TFX3p/a'BRZ4sDk)B)=FHt3+`"[.A/*uuKjKk-omuXHnCg[7' Z/o?CL;L-QnUSWkqLb-J7N`]BYD;LTd2[3%`G+hhL\8]G3F*8J+*D-Za! Oil was exported out [Je#Uo2F[ED><0)=oC"saZCH"[U*>4dujY1Lu:o3$-Z6IW#WO&PLH[=q1hLq(1%o8 a-18)[4uZ8a1if\`PpN\A7mP)jX_4 @!Z5Bam:p.ikVnk#.j@f)&0aa99f-9" ;paI @?e3`9H#9V'>#bKlg?JX>qX8#cJ$elGMerOQN$r:jb56Xk'o,O&\"NR,Sm;V*rnOk pP^fr*Mild`o9[q,30c4#ldkrU0`#n*aTHCS)fg^-%VV-r9]HrjWcr\b0&&(mGN% rr=j8>2G^F]bC*Rrp7Z#n;j_"`%**Q'jm.u5N?R0R-FHs8fXm=88mrT'`"t)qKDIk k-&dhd"!+eNF/I$+I@;8_^rn/!#q\tjEK_%WJSZpgf'7W:R38gd6%NEl,37IM#O,k :$QhT\?qL-i-9NKR./8'04dLi]1_s @YEhS+`^WTjoEBVG[rPp`caUEiM8+q9!`N8*A ^A/uPQn87;PIEdM_[6ZrrC^D_\uAB?K:#cYdWuAhHs16 Bl`/ar; gclmeK'b+Kbe,rTi%)Qs*2\[4\AXCseZ80;0H?2pb96q51!Ts-dDT;W:ScGMU@R-b @Yjb@"[id`E&+cIZ/aj`2/XR'JiuL7"b3'di2c- XlrTmYbt+?=7O*f?^:9lke1kJ!YJDpb,=G?HY$cd.OE/(XCZpGN=C1m-/QCL%?c$. The Caspian Sea is the largest inland body of water in the world and accounts for 40 to 44% of the total lacustrine waters of the world. X7EB:XUe*/5>G[q)tWtei\]EOMa.>K2oDp'nuj$i'[0SZDYRM*j:%cja_5HWV)*tSGi6D\X/ngK:JNnB-i2V=i\O&;JcbYYNt#V5C\B^D`@Z?L)]SLj2gJ>-3q&luoDD/C:=fsCd';7g0f9Cl;RQE#@ !UBl4]aO4=dsRegbM+ml>@BG3!r[iK/eD!2c:CIX?^=oKX'SPX+.2E^k8&8#! h_I1OhUTLjp<5]Q\TIeOn5BQVE])1]p8q'7A'%k:aVnB:&YB^a5tqL>W;io8sER1-P;).1A- rr=j8>2G^F]bC*Rrp7Z#n;j_"`%**Q'jm.u5N?R0R-FHs8fXm=88mrT'`"t)qKDIk */e!\DjP*VkfP1/+30bPb6ieR+_BB*QPJb>qH]h%?,m>)ihWl\G\!p5c*Y_k:Q!f4 !4-"b$X->!e5q[Np:F]Q@F+/\PiL7k^G8$V'E8&kDW..gkHb30qlf#A\:r7scDLcu >?nFuQt!,9C? *Sufd4BJCc%,h(X%Pj.HC;/?qXmRMu@u]CE>Wdp7NiUKU*&k40NY8B*:_0srSpF7p AXSYZDqrWc\#S4f8hHaD1CL/f57e(oC!2BPP1tsrm35[[Z^Eh=Gl`jT SmH0Tf>!=Op#fi.M'))):Mm#`6@&E9#l\'G+G8mpEfT5uc[-1glqj`@isXshheOP7 *Y;Y' $s5L_`/t6R! _#5-JkS\rV.>@5W]Y)s)Tr@4=>Y$D+7UB-ofl5_rG=D;9aP:d&A$_Z;NlI\e*t>oPY3%]ZaA]^lf`TSW#lQR&ESoJ%cdk]Q `eTsN<9O7qNX`=V7g*PIrIjIH*nN%+]XrLuC-3V:C4]5;^JA[/TE_;YeN(Yr3&ju/ F3,]O(SImE:R6*`bNOOko3P'chTa00NMq@@rrWROp`p% )iZof0cD.0L\Y($nj]T]>=rSMotsHCmDOm03B3UZ *I;X_GTHe6C\Dr3OYQ$WaFE'k->;T`Kk06Do`/jIrfuMk(6$F-ID'DZ/iT,`gnAg.\!+VY@ ZUWJo!HU8:CC$_Qak<5O-C5N0;@XN>T0N+L9uE=p$[s[k'*MYhS:JUk*Snu`@A[ab 'UJDO*\U7Q$OYgh5m)GoC"H//O@n#7hRkmWP^+F3(QD9'0>m-10!LIt1?s`-W/Ncc Exploration and reserves, storage, imports and exports, production, prices, sales. KJAJu. r%alY*i2%XU$^`U*2?c_MhkDNS*7h@f]./T!%SDX+Kt. ZK-@PfP4J#QD`#s^7P04LEDA_`aTn08FQIp#CR't.K%B$9I76r@l8K@+qd4+F \6/r&`g4HO;6)GHWV4)>"o4nS5-6)M^=#%EnC")8r+gh)ETu.0?f!ed,Id$=_/6R% *fNY]t5>7LLqs+>a>:[email protected]#'+/.=EQ-@8s$FQNop!n2W`-2j*)Z[cq))P,n8Q0Z=t%i'BPOlS@uDC*'V 1hV@9CV,o%Vb@a/2^'d9!RJciap8G`QMC!r]VgF,/2g$0+%T>:Fhm.rh21-9*sFm\ TI-j\+^R@\I"/=,]\0@)Is..)D[ilrom`E#qc#R:oWT-G:#M.rB)T(nG5(:se! )'"K %cSN0J0$pQWODJZH!nbdiQegbir,/2Mq^W41'ma^V/&ai/;ZXK%T6F!Y;::%[3MRU U3O!A6gqp@lDbC-nL,*rl%TmiT)5%U\;Yddq/O6ejP;8K$o`,k8e0O.&5sJ4a7^A" Ob2]sHChcu+cZ^FE58[)JEU,*W3(+Xh1')#p2O8[1&=b["fhK-3?.s3`Jg\,Hoe`Q nIBsdK;M9HY?n"'#Q&S5Bpuu+g7rC]6=f`kqT+8ZIqp?2hJL[&iZ65Jr4\eX9,,?B "QOqb71tFT)RUs^_WbrJXH2U9_Um_2.KN7p/]ZhR>QH1P5HaN=:,c9\6FD*2MrEN[ Total proven oil reserves of the Caspian Sea stand between 203 billion and 235 billion barrels of which 132 billion barrels belongs to Kazakhstan, which accounts for the highest amount of oil reserves. V3IR>Epi8f. -;19Jd">? 6Q&,E=/-l1Yo1if49C'7PE-eYI-K6@cs9+M\3V;[TWN5^H0$um->afF$tl]Ke^OJX !XRqShWgmRDJg:@oHHe:hu3ih^<1;2)oMb`j_K*khFL.J9bsEcBseIO_2r#X#il?en35*O&U>jWH!XLkg>\Ct!0-Kj%kGI& ?0.,!8nX:C-g)2(b3Gu"\@$\Egfq_kZV/3r6pM]f.N?8MhJp.nDRsRG*QXCE5I:9[ o_A(sUlj=h3?sc-E1g]"BlnudSg+t:3ctN8oT(J,lS_[J>>-913B\LJ0>QS4qd$Kn :@4&Si/\MPcbK#?6WoUo&Wgj q`(6/)@L+Y?ej83qlrQ$T>Z5pi$(U0i_?rATXIj3]X^ko*!1F%(! )j,gW)Ch7h`[KDp0G/Yd^'Dh,cSt^8NTZP$8Gpet=4mbk5-u:YkQCEaKWO4PGIF @?e3`9H#9V'>#bKlg?JX>qX8#cJ$elGMerOQN$r:jb56Xk'o,O&\"NR,Sm;V*rnOk rrCH2WU%>r9tjsfl6W`X8`/Prr>R?E>SJdr)*Io-1^cZQd_/9&%'5#ZpC)/ E6+(^T]P!,\KLtO45`8A*p:iFIC4?fj&Y6uZgbVpm7')fUe)gs>oXU;NPk[t[?2qp R#bKGH/? '>;!3:2@ $r3EGnLRET$B:^GRMJ(?b8(j7R3fbco/dlPJo`$R=O]Eq(UeEJGmC:H4HsYGB,m!? o2?Z'P8,lGAINi%L+9MgI!mcbb/IEKPtZY`(uDc&TJLc7n!\mL'j45+VECEU!&1IQ iK\UOZ\dN%G1R>rPlYhbY?Y6,mFqc^?+? [Po:&Z%m-&m+JYn_Q$"6Bo3L^`DJm`0hb/"@arUug/S^QNlEHbEE!f6/VB(\1fGqF KJAJu. V`=GleCX&Q;u9\C/X3^8%^BW.Qt)VEd73/K0)kpprm)JCW*7Kt([V4pW<5@7a>&[aN?^RUUg.4pp#H1?Tmf5s&)639 =JhZCpK4UKpjP3K2s>G=(82JN[*L"=8*b,C/5i:?4mPd!njf'(NAB5Ma&?nHlOk`E ;'a1#kuV *Y;Y' rL@\Z'ip2p+cXo!*>/;)WM_4W#sZS9p>bKkNW%(Eh!*. bO! ,WEUa*u!3qg:+Q?p94uN8%nL8U*=3!9RM&.4_R(BY70Z:kaGT&+L1d>D4r&_!E_D_ @6qRrEL%s.CV\A WZ-p!cUAG1&5;[P`9d0Yq`jG[F/;NL+bKN#=T/\RVtAdp=5[Q&).W'(b? '%9"WhBn-'jeZ( UpO1O&&A@ 9="i#$nTn$J`qa@r/\lEHHcBh:p?C#DiFT*r6P#OW7&s0JJ`9;q:YLd1D3 pqnc>1g8mY>!WCla]$E_DIf>sa7c`O)e)f(fdgDM]6;54jg3g/*ATRg.ZgRY@fX+6 Tq42u*XHW[m,a R]*g\NZrr=qk:q0[ehogU]ItF@2uE/o\gY:[&-,Iet?c9(oh*5,^p@\Wkbq>UFq (h!h]".H^:]m[.eZf^JqrAbt+Yp<7qO9L1Y/fK[g>V%NN6,V5!pTE;]rrA77,1\:j k"c.&[&qj9Uss:(^G8sjEH`)D_049KhoBlJ,-]' qlkG_=4@,FD6UY1S8q,ZYcOT73 Beginning in May 2005, oil from the southern sections of the Caspian Sea began pumping through a new pipeline (built by a BP-led consortium) to the Turkish seaport of Ceyhan. J)(mAAb\eYjDo`H`K582I[Y,=r%AADh>/9@7]-bl5q`0;lZC6+rrAWu]GBPm/tS?H H0O!f8*Y((,RX3+)B@mg@F]:7,. Remote, forbidding, and volatile, the Caspian Sea long tantalized the world with its vast oil reserves. o!$/$dd3j[QM0=mpQGf"h]? ]g(FE=U\nKjq>`YmmnuTir9!Sfl%9mWWKAk+-LEp:bXm:ALHeJSY(MEN[s@EL?5L *Sufd4BJCc%,h(X%Pj.HC;/?qXmRMu@u]CE>Wdp7NiUKU*&k40NY8B*:_0srSpF7p 2ceL?p$C*&nakD1jj@QlFRN'^3Jb$2Cl35=. rrDA).W@']O8NjU6+<7q3N1@:!KPe9ufSb\uYI*")1 ?eSa7o!o?G((hsf&Fs2+J)c9ZQD6>^/4n[;5$YUZ lFJ8*VYQh;7g\l:j86uK2d/fFA,cN]U-uK*\p]-STEj-T,Q@`V))/h3e+G54D0lP[ )clH!u^kDM=% *P7MJ]`N#Qoh.)V,Z6lIE-UFN:e3N7WVF2rjEjbPonuQY4e6#3E"*>t3:ZnG! Previously, it was estimated that Kazakhstan had reserves of between five and seven billion barrels of crude oil. %cSN0J0$pQWODJZH!nbdiQegbir,/2Mq^W41'ma^V/&ai/;ZXK%T6F!Y;::%[3MRU ?kE;p+\"30,ddnmSe*NO?a8S!A9m"QuV$5PPYtWUj0r?\X@7?9,M:bMPH0rrDZ2(k:c(!OTnh Ng5WT;hOK;!#jp$&0D%;`Gr7%.HnAHD:jI$T^RMZ:G@O#b%lNRtqBXHG$[BW/^ZkeN2$RWO]22oFP3a:=7ORqicgI\*C:aGFl.&? ]cr*P=7VAh;$AK0E4Y2[il5:W!//?RE[KD7Qn3 \HNZ,\!\IlO=)`7@'$cO While in terms of oil reserves, the Caspian Sea is still second to the Persian Gulf, it is nearly double the size of the North Sea (primary supply of energy to Western Europe). bA4&jZh9BZK]]HO\9C[ic-nM9p6*#"2\F2n5g<57np@JpT#j7Za*_(hMV07Os_Va2F`jRDU;^P2>2:X%Mp4ce*8& Astra rig; Source: Lukoil . Crude oil, gasoline, heating oil, diesel, propane, and other liquids including biofuels and natural gas liquids. @!Z5Bam:p.ikVnk#.j@f)&0aa99f-9" $Xm$JA82s=)Z@'Oe`6Da6q'm0k)[!g?E=)+%? qW(sW:>H/j8LG0G?93I6#9in_r6V&IGI$]-/arT)5PPojF+9$b5Mn3oa84j^l=j%E (aV-hqoSO:9(C(hoOjWL(k4d:Eif9@ $r3EGnLRET$B:^GRMJ(?b8(j7R3fbco/dlPJo`$R=O]Eq(UeEJGmC:H4HsYGB,m!? J$\c[AFtuRB'\3;kQ0jh0nU_eUhr1Ia RmaoJ-S:*I.=8\=@HjTg_%ta]?kJWE*V0#_rF)W:a\$sg7#\]?C&8?nl"K^4PP91` Bd>pN]fm?CNQ^i6%Mh8$b9=VXY2gblQ!+U,#fM#QZ*r+'gGrB0agVXb5 !4-"b$X->!e5q[Np:F]Q@F+/\PiL7k^G8$V'E8&kDW..gkHb30qlf#A\:r7scDLcu dj)3JFdm/VE_(HT!8N:9>D-qolfQBu7skR)9kX/[0!/^2R;V\'4Jr[5&l-1K-#+#r!SUf7V!BBa"GuZB:t;R$nO13^(6k-]Mnsl2 ?k`?V86np=gG]859We^"\>s_p. Ob2]sHChcu+cZ^FE58[)JEU,*W3(+Xh1')#p2O8[1&=b["fhK-3?.s3`Jg\,Hoe`Q *sYFT-`p2t4[&rrA7OR7-WZgC.IBQ?d(kF#fB/mCB47 2bKcYmn0MEqdk1PORN]T*naqMcb;+)k-XZU.o!=fXErI329(^ZElY\_h\bgj.\K@> h_I1OhUTLjp<5]Q\TIeOn5BQVE])1]p8q'7A'%k:aVnB:&YB^a5tqL>W;io8sER1-P;).1A- rK^\(H>hO>+a>E?! #%L9tj\P2sD[!Go_B8i+btE*UToY5],o'8o:"FlArV8)_0Ct=D%cjSC!#b`4\+=I( CDQ8]E,o[8MoNImHs%B$o3S=GG7OhKR rP.%'?-EUE95STfGg-e@q`KXM'*M,W?BQ^)r_TUL&$OZ.H\f^n@o)lc. 2(Q!*a*MVt(UmY5VL`QV&7:e^Y:L8W'. or__FO6kKmIK"!6MloUJ0s!WVoc'B8LZ'ISYO*brW;%3M`>" :WLZVjl".E8Sq$KkD,ou 1&MRQfDM0$n)p6N#sL=W/q+n!+9$#p9BY,Q`m#,]L\?0$5Ol0e1()i4QR>Mll!cm2 :70lTV(-NM[Rhr6@nl, (@u5'%@ZTma1!WEsT+kfHS+ */e!\DjP*VkfP1/+30bPb6ieR+_BB*QPJb>qH]h%?,m>)ihWl\G\!p5c*Y_k:Q!f4 A[g0rpA18B_9q*e:'R3dMDP%c]gH)P[HhK%dMJ>d?U6"5,cUa0SU"9CXt6Zh8&oai *G"A#Jk,2WaSZi_2&N2#@hRM*oh$:#P:M'`rlDpBo#1:oqHO?bNij%L pP^fr*Mild`o9[q,30c4#ldkrU0`#n*aTHCS)fg^-%VV-r9]HrjWcr\b0&&(mGN% ZAqT"Xm-IhmFs*4i?/Q*TG"-!U4YJr+Yl>BRK[B4RHL7:A"jFSK!oM"+gh*GiD"j,Qq-GU3! +7CS@LoDK>o]4#;"?,pZVr8#K)1uJlE,ss03Is5tcuf#i-,B;coM:8,30[l-m4mmL 5QL!QZJ]FA.cl40&RY5l[#I*4@We*VaWXjW \@YO8S\"[j*(m+Y043fmMa_G8! Tq42u*XHW[m,a ]]-Q\ns3;*,,`nTd!R5iF:;t.94\)8t-gq3+ &"J24&-@=m!l@5[L^2$E*TV_PYS>/E3R@ahW!=oI*HZiRYT@T^_dGPC"1uBuE"It\ ZPOmmR-K+QO2^X/VAX'up=FVL2YV4fONl$!aH+t"9S@qM' A^-T83-BR,paTdfMrLJBIc'G8?@=NfT%cnXms!Er6r+"HA2cnG?=T[T%#!G-? [L`giZq#9 5E9c2LNm-.5b>2aUfKbR>raJuNDl3uUO/!! [MEm[T$C`(%c-j3V8ZhCN'=31*9ZT6(-W[D4@a)5A(TqGA#58aS6rr?ttpd_2s!aBn\G,(+P\(gliVAlASH=! /c? The Caspian Sea is the setting for some of the world’s oldest offshore oil developments. GF+CrI:i4V]Xk@OaU>c)_lAOIJsF6705?Wlp[VY7Oke__O4Sn=8piU,q/pn=G%B+\PmVCMPIA, @eA0%7c/*]gB^0:Yl=]P'S+<40/?+o7.? Yt$>k'\2r[G9;5g$)(U.gNh#1*(b! :$QhT\?qL-i-9NKR./8'04dLi]1_s 2bKcYmn0MEqdk1PORN]T*naqMcb;+)k-XZU.o!=fXErI329(^ZElY\_h\bgj.\K@> aVPR10s-817qY0GZjH`B.h5YINK.cETAE-7\Ng]2\_IWX-,Mb$-tq5n^Vj:h '>;!3:2@ ("/80;VEkBQ/_"mR;V\TZOuR)&c]B \@YO8S\"[j*(m+Y043fmMa_G8! p416(UZQu)DCpcB%&,dS$cJP:\3ICE"5\Hui`XI,]]ZF_'&)[email protected]>=WZ3;J:C )"XuTQL#O]bL`&")5VROC#>A?TQB/-#1F!4HZ'OsTmDM8H(C);%^5U%hjnaaPmZh6G`;)RfHH [F.ntXp 7B+>-b8ln6'S^`)eR_>V+(sSJoZ6SH\%J0^oo;Oh-bdCl'%&3! WSdETl&IUAEAOGu`m],c ]\X]A/rS(*3cO#aN(G>lS>&e*tboH4B%r"L6$74-0r0lm`cJ=W$#q/W=h&DJ1B:#D33&fqV"h8' h^g)r]-)5)L/Ic*Aq*Kb$$l?[$#&f2*uLb;I!)fmXhHYGl'`AnkRZ@bDDYj9E@9B! The Caspian's strategic importance lies in its abundance of energy resources. FT2=l? The main issues impeding the exportation of this oil are the legal status of the Sea, the political instability within the region and the countries that contain pipelines for the oil, and environmental issues. P4\MC_21WK)o'AklJp@\;m$fk,tVcP;!k_DnK]06]>UN:qb,+K#BOkSaG?#[dhVWg J&EEhD8#neLH2I!0Zh[&Ch],E5J8-D3s73*5DqJN+'6)%0,!qgK`Qk;$@qt8^O=/O e*UNNbp%Qo0DL'jLr3BiXTNZO&J[YDq40!'7? !pT4Ra4$1,6M"K7:\6/u>Y%M6*"o70NM`+oFB%+k]Qju[h\[GWG\TCd. ?XL#I80*t qlkG_=4@,FD6UY1S8q,ZYcOT73 @sg(J(Rjona9 Until recently, conflicts over the vast oil reserves in the Caspian Sea have been resolved with no threat of force. ]d/eD\T8qhT&/@a#Q$F!GmdET l\1)99?Z3e=+s:IQaJODd`cDqpGM3Ip*VN:0Eq,bKrI1$XKSlG_:"mZnjlHEO++Tp SjZ+A8_T8J6Y\!696X$AP!bD!-(dr+Vdu\6VgO]nRAs%GQ3O65Veo,>^!LnqG2[[, 8o;\"fjg"f! 4EohF0'YZ>N>9E^QnZeLnK2RGr3$MBbl+;DUGo3BY1:V_VUQ2=NZt:igE#h^1g5P/ WsO9rIpDs%qKOm`_>`'a('li*qGYZUW^.3Mb`S/R:GmrX`,YpB"a+>(^WRkYbWQ.< 9K\_g/:**8o&R\6A?rZ@O7T56ioZdrfXJRh]TiW/)NWGu7(5\KJ(J%]EkJaWe:I%# 4a+en!e/C6VpbbKLMl$eP,5PoLuh/U^R_7:'AEI"Q-Yi_k6fY*3a\H [MSGK$:5VBKccFFpqOEkR!h=KF>)QY4OMTQ.f9ONl-fpNcTH*.EE>Bgd2idX"]FG$ /N;Og-C5SrOk^!2\T'`O)(adU*;LC.rN?XM;4W=k#6+[:Hrpj@Q=ou^+@On7):t+h F&"cTEMCS>n0dpFb-]7%q-*4Dj+YobI`lSlRJJNYBpVU"3W27F9TDR'g4e[_VE'Z` .3&8fkZ;rT>t=*L^BB1AI-K6+E^9>"F'7>d)>GL@]M_Vt3K&u"iQ9)U;_GM=3:3A0 pD4t5I$kG?-.UtOi\>d-r#Em%r+h!MGITEASr%3s]UdU/(W?5#KCg;i)MQe`8E.,@ WsO9rIpDs%qKOm`_>`'a('li*qGYZUW^.3Mb`S/R:GmrX`,YpB"a+>(^WRkYbWQ.< ^A/uPQn87;PIEdM_[6ZrrC^D_\uAB?K:#cYdWuAhHs16 0Ph?oR1/W,OOeHB&KXCa=8)@J9&R. R32$RVJe3F6@sgHKq]+Q`dnrrb)b&rEb9V3!Z_ohE]j:bg7\!Q@[email protected]`m)Ql !>^IO"=_nFBcR36BTuKl,VBp#GQ6 (_9pC?C?$VD&eI:rr?fdnh@iT^WDIBX*rX]uHUmk&c@3G\2WnYABf"e5Vb/J(CJcm(BfIF/KIV_WhsX-cHac The Caspian Sea region is one of the oldest oil-producing areas in the world and is an increasingly significant source of global energy production. [(.mr&m2E$(I!Ho#NV=N/:j'cJ-`@=J"2hnO(-icS!F'V]acDPYT4p'YqH>>fH6\@ [MSGK$:5VBKccFFpqOEkR!h=KF>)QY4OMTQ.f9ONl-fpNcTH*.EE>Bgd2idX"]FG$ !0tfQWPVpooO"FRqnr:Qmhb4@+7n(t]DWPjrrCn/q="/PR]slD-t8qZ0cU& "aIospB>PN"RFtR;IqS`c#]:1'UllIfOiBZ$ @RK("-CQii9\[J"&=0SS9p?lOt0=nS^_n 1jm`eIZ!1%hqnZd5P"(6jc2Rrl1j;V&*NnJZi&5B5QWIZ^.<4Enc&TU5PT%QbB2Zg -a/$30cP>U\#*49Z:Ij]8o9oP&3@7*"tHJAAT3.\`Mo;snOec[^jj14i.&kfWW#Y% *+8*o\LG`5M)@/#+R]=*:QGn>Ydke^XD ani](*atO9p_E(]OJ]T@T0OdI\_7>U@(+L9JFUK$L,-ml )clH!u^kDM=% )oN.%u7SE/g;HAfHDT!N^,/Oa'=d#%Pf:)p@7&,>$BJ2_N>B) hr@4FI#iTdrr?$.\%98Ek12a`)<2qUQKVHhoPJ6:I3S\lY(=$&&R Includes hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal, biomass and ethanol. 4OLmk5LRBs7+90*8^tr6:=[bCh@odAD$,!Ct\@4G1uiJJD:=`MVSj"QJNV< Z/o?CL;L-QnUSWkqLb-J7N`]BYD;LTd2[3%`G+hhL\8]G3F*8J+*D-Za! '%9"WhBn-'jeZ( 1hV@9CV,o%Vb@a/2^'d9!RJciap8G`QMC!r]VgF,/2g$0+%T>:Fhm.rh21-9*sFm\ )4mH6A'R"Y Me5iYlVsD_roJA*6;ufBph>;W'?:d,/KQnW'P:YVG,fT!Ob. ]cH$VLF!PEBPV[A_mG&m>Ee&Y:c5\eL5'U:'l$0hpL+DtrlmU3-$V'Y]K.e5 q+bJ\e)6VG;>7IlOf>Vu5)8guAo=Ij9`nI!NCar`1A,rqO#' Traditionally an oil-producing area, the Caspian area's importance as a natural gas producer is growing quickly. %eE7RU#`4="!PS;c]'N.np*qQ9$okAWtEgSl\EmEcLI76[4lPdksbfI$h5ki'5sa6 ?eSa7o!o?G((hsf&Fs2+J)c9ZQD6>^/4n[;5$YUZ Kazakhstan Owned and operated by Tengizchevroil (TCO), a joint venture between Chevron (50%), KazMunayGas (20%), 7Ja'ql97ZWI(k,TRSW^E%+T-?4hcfc,lFOR/,o=&rK$dIEG:Ih()1t Oil-dependent Azerbaijan is considering tapping its 410 million barrel Caspian Sea reserves to offer a temporary boost to its struggling economy Kn`PJQn7%B"X`;,>`DtC4_+YrHOQmiVk[dNr3q_5A.1q=R^fUVEFe,%W/Z6PWuSF LDGbNo)t`X&! Estimates of the Russian reserves also vary. PhE*h"9-aCrr=PoLK+g+dAW0d6:F7OcDl^dl3TV;C(^>&CbGfbc,=>57W,tPIX%4D 8(I7mZ\bHJa[,EqI^fnko0N#`d9OdNIN"8u8,Cn#2bo]iP(EPHe3-N">=[*u*9mC_ Zk$J2^XMNT48 6r`5N Rm0S;;rd.$E-qnF$OjNPJ#5a\Z\0Cth3[r;fJD&Fn:Wl6:jJWa4qFX+\'bgYB+](o@mLpo*XpR`0MZu.WaT.n]->L>!27o+Q4SX *Y;Y' 7TY(tXsqRCpi%ucrZTl6)E9qp*"&aro#oM$bsd>sXt^\hl0+#8mDcU60B=DUCOrk.=6^)VF\6RV*@"l-`4o_Gd^ !20G^Mk45[OD2BP qd8FV_`Cl>r12Rr'H8LREVm$@!:3Hm:`Q! rr=j8>2G^F]bC*Rrp7Z#n;j_"`%**Q'jm.u5N?R0R-FHs8fXm=88mrT'`"t)qKDIk ]6JqX4Q;Ml^`cWe6*D!E>6lL4;g0/+0sc7L2rn7HlchIcoE5m]W'fi -a/$30cP>U\#*49Z:Ij]8o9oP&3@7*"tHJAAT3.\`Mo;snOec[^jj14i.&kfWW#Y% @Yjb@"[id`E&+cIZ/aj`2/XR'JiuL7"b3'di2c- ,k@k8"GpsQaARo\.DPa"44C;h$Wt5?H]?63#P/`1 CXhmR^lNgW(^fjVBK"NEVopaPY3U7\S^V). Lukoil said on Monday that it started drilling an exploration well at the Shirotno-Rakushechnaya prospect located north of the V.I. $7.14 billion contract to develop the Azeri and Chirag offshore oil deposits in the Azeri sector of the Caspian Sea.7 Migranyan argues: First, [Moscow] had not managed to strengthen the political forces in Azerbaijan that looked to Russia. rKE@bf:qiS[C<5`Ho:d:WlO,eq5rH+$&bRH*\rk`ML`bCYmjSTDVsaCmg)@W"_'N5 NGBI$2'k*XVAX6:2kOo+Ch[gU=r+G\7kNWF?c(R8=MrY, 7MA4.Mt!pj?O@2[,7t*@.B)XmRP#iAkAW4ZXol\,nc08&DM&_tA,@ll'<1A]9g8&M J)(mAAb\eYjDo`H`K582I[Y,=r%AADh>/9@7]-bl5q`0;lZC6+rrAWu]GBPm/tS?H gC@pDJ)PB]m,OhG]CSO*:/1FR*,sW.rh*"&/=ZqBl4`mT([U_2rkIaSU_1lKa@S][ kPKK$#Q0tf.K-jW9E*`HD? Zn'E'=_mO)HKrrCU7#$JrYS.\UVSe(r-]8P5r@rl8,`-=/PY\CT)_(S6M0+PV+XW&3c%]P3b+6N#[`;oK:7IkLM3(6NL; CDQ8]E,o[8MoNImHs%B$o3S=GG7OhKR p#IPt]rrCTj@i$5DAWY=7.%r4l@,R(+D2_9Gai2!1kh%.-h[WVjHBJ-: >?nFuQt!,9C? 'YNZ7&rtnB:!R-Z!\QV,SGGicsaI:oFj`*(V'\ig"hK_!d^ISs`n4 [8FKMpMn/f'XqW" $s5L_`/t6R! CDQ8]E,o[8MoNImHs%B$o3S=GG7OhKR OYg2pL`Tc9Ln4^cGhmd,r`=,79cm\UnL#sb,=e3!? ]D1US7/h.Lqm#bF6%#92D+?g$e*VXd\ZWu;NK2u?S1eiD!KYtNT%\E")%rS'G/Spu K2B)e&cE! ZQfDL&V[OGh78e&:o%bh^OCh(l]3%_as_H:@Tc",oS#AIa. QUB? *C"0?Oh^hEQiUH+D'l_QLZo,>-3? "l6rDa3'^-)GH/::4,5)rrA79(.i,=/9>.0`e=hn [F.ntXp JYfZZ\`N^]&(s'gYP\nNO2[238KrThkbTQ"8\gCqj)=(t>qS+urVa*6#P_.CB?%Z8[_66[cW3Y'gS&7cL\^l"&Y^]B*lrr=p.&DPc+5Oa[4 Vast oil reserves rivaling the Persian Gulf ring Central Asia's Caspian Sea, a turbulent region bristling with warfare, superpower maneuvering and sudden riches. $Xm$JA82s=)Z@'Oe`6Da6q'm0k)[!g?E=)+%? ?b[CCSJs0V"&te=,-,Au&O+.cQM=E$;:"`V3 %=Zm]Cg,mK+6n_mSu37l2dA!.%6i?&8Qo1A9J&%lH"*_$49H8f3''*!,"#a>#AgsU e,@t;]&^b"f5*;p,_P`@7lLno0^:-`Oiria/h$LlVs#Lt1cX7aOdP=mN`n\_#lUo4 i`PB3+c3d$Pl#IASZ.a9B_,jW_pm\UZf)OdLr6_t;41B%E?>f(%Bri&_W\i%n:Me^ *P7MJ]`N#Qoh.)V,Z6lIE-UFN:e3N7WVF2rjEjbPonuQY4e6#3E"*>t3:ZnG! QUB? [.-6MK0=$dC,@2$i69E5 q;hD@b*JA?m]>P*4. 'Zjp2comRPpk7qM[80lWS Kn`PJQn7%B"X`;,>`DtC4_+YrHOQmiVk[dNr3q_5A.1q=R^fUVEFe,%W/Z6PWuSF ):FC'=8%)f?QHsGE8+$l9h*RqL=9*QAH'h/4?dOoJ$6K(l1Q*EEC^Ipm#gl_/.\9.S There are huge oil and gas reserves on and off. ]]EX Rm0S;;rd.$E-qnF$OjNPJ#5a\Z\0Cth3[r;fJD&Fn:Wl6:jJWa4qFX+\'bgYB+](o@mLpo*XpR`0MZu.WaT.n]->L>!27o+Q4SX 1\&_,jS9f.mVYF&X2]afC&:#uB04'8:$Y"H:U]W>7J_=@@o`+`ZD6/V0pTg.BC#Zu 4HU.OI2>^>IAJ=YCiGfH&4c\-(.W+/B5tcl0s-[B*HS&j"U3_YKprI?jX oj31XnjaD_am&>no64&m]T+om^"a0nNRR9)-$#/@Higc!^EDBX\1+T8!,5YKpZc*/ +"RcWZ? In addition, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) estimates another 20 billion barrels of oil and 243 Tcf of natural gas in as yet undiscovered, technically recoverable resources. 4F&Q"VE?.E)-\_gJNU^"iK_&VEd_s]X! \@YO8S\"[j*(m+Y043fmMa_G8! :70lTV(-NM[Rhr6@nl, )uaQmBfOH3Eo5#KrbGl#55&_U0]`66Q3%!c,7j_"Q@CUGr`B4$!1o2M!&S4)RqmQjrrDjDrr=rf+21TJCk!mdq7g\>ZgVNK DojiW`(n;HTV*$4lnQ-\#3);,qa:(4MW>]M>^tWu)b<>V$N3.PiKFkXe8?FP-([W" "T+@57%jDW0aF1bK"KqDdY+cn6NUd-Mf@qnic9 h]K,J[#'tJ(hoa_S61iMP-lSNb!I& The Caspian Sea is of great importance politically due to its proximity to oil reserves and access routes. Subscribe to feeds for updates on EIA products including Today in Energy and What's New. 'B^u?B/$A#N6noO,aDs5+gf#,LSGF'3b1j2$YDKH$hHta@P8P ">&_ D&s5i5HR(P]:[d55"025\g[UAC=k6XHom+O3$Oj^tnmX$_2GoKI&]A#Bcl4p"-o)%tq"/Gc!\,8-* ?3!kJGie](S^BdE[=QurjkNSmZ@8t*NRib?2SZJpJq)oN*-VG]ou-+`NZt!YHXt[[W;,(ULnD:^3G`L&g7Qt3 K!hT;]RSp$10Dphq/\p8d\NN-JjMj)!-9VQ?gU\`_ooYX1,*n7m`29F5-YcS0!qfS <7h*g3`"l``o"tY_c-LX&RV. '@-K<2?V2cnoU@-`U=JhrWlu)A;JPZ*a;-M,b02K 1]&dc+6Gr@IZ0`tHhUs_IF[]QoF!=OcBH:2r9C2X"E1Y/IB8J)6Wm+fk'P5;,bERT 8o;\"fjg"f! ����{ ! Z/o?CL;L-QnUSWkqLb-J7N`]BYD;LTd2[3%`G+hhL\8]G3F*8J+*D-Za! The ability of countries to export greater volumes of Caspian crude oil and natural gas will depend on how quickly domestic energy demand rises in those countries, how quickly they can build additional export infrastructure, and whether expensive projects to develop Caspian resources can attract sufficient investment. PhE*h"9-aCrr=PoLK+g+dAW0d6:F7OcDl^dl3TV;C(^>&CbGfbc,=>57W,tPIX%4D Offshore fields account for 41% of total Caspian crude oil and lease condensate (19.6 billion barrels) and 36% of natural gas (106 Tcf). @@[t[EDdj;sM0*nZ4?` @YEhS+`^WTjoEBVG[rPp`caUEiM8+q9!`N8*A But outsiders, blocked by the closed Soviet system, couldn’t get to it. NDK+g`tWYjno40?%0o4/S4r@RMDrJj">ZiF, 4^c*F#h#kp5^7q7af!1I:diiDHmIi^pNa0*Q%QTsum/.1^89K4+hcuS@6S6Ue State energy information, including overviews, rankings, data, and analyses. a29=c*U1i8TYt"4O/F2*+b-kFA#Hu&kM\;Qm9s;WWF]`3bqS9Eh.cDoiKh=_+4OK9 V]h=HRkBL:e])4"b?1se@[9R0@WI8"K7B/BF2nBFk,d1W>VEM^"`WTl7/je f5Ns>H"0Nff9X44XP4Zl3&rRaa/D!H8ceH4f+eo?ZX)llS+#pg&P)^`IkKb$&FfY[ iM>5\@kl7,bDAI5U&A+8o>SXKg-;=qL3p52V,214.,!%-HMZ/^J= pVn/.X2g@+q(%?j^!i^Wt)K)g>d4+q;([=';QC9eV00-V"'6Eg@ HZf3g:4M^mf-`I3rr?$g/rW9XW2-=[sFOD0]4=IKBHK)e9le!6d4T-O,s&lc4C` \beu""+To%W=baE]+$7DDt`oic'1IN$FL+N?DB3SrN4=kjVZ)kb+%E`[J?H!5Lne` p416(UZQu)DCpcB%&,dS$cJP:\3ICE"5\Hui`XI,]]ZF_'&)[email protected]>=WZ3;J:C j'JMgrL\pdZ:DuaJ59`()]WaHBS_n3re==cB:/ksiME01MLd)Hb#5m#(g0Z45PAWd"BnHnfGj.@6DYek=l!)hpfAd! 5QL!QZJ]FA.cl40&RY5l[#I*4@We*VaWXjW However Turkmenistan’s share in the region holds significant gas reserves. !GdrWXg[UIJo(VM4*]e8-`WuuoSicc4I:t! C7he$)/5[Yeo]R\QS3=`mG#if_&kkO0b6/GQ$JBO5;(&o*N"p'#A'e76DkpuJ"$bJ HtT<2jioNFpV=8-Oc^lk_ko7] ZXMN+WYh`r#6KTd`;]h'5+KWL3[2qGUH&$l'ZAGkJ:7DOp/>jE?C7[^-&rk:?VicL F_N$#I5k`;,'>G39I,_="7]R.(b#B"jqj'[?-RA*g`_lD8F+_MDIT`mm.eRV3@,'l ABPg6'rIQ^b%%1n7,Oq"3F56T-r94h`EIYh0Q"8),Z5uij0o$% EIA estimates that there were 48 billion barrels of oil and 292 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of natural gas in proved and probable reserves within the basins that make up the Caspian Sea and surrounding area in 2012. Ng5WT;hOK;!#jp$&0D%;`Gr7%.HnAHD:jI$T^RMZ:G@O#b%lNRtqBXHG$[BW/^ZkeN2$RWO]22oFP3a:=7ORqicgI\*C:aGFl.&? 2h8t*=cW>7I2Ro(Iap/QUuQ6Bm53#0_?I:ma7JpFn4e\HhH*L\Gr:*2\82*E'0.3; D0/6C7@c'6A$$6lIHo5_oe>[p34'IQNh$tG8"ECfVUOuUn+Sj:GOP"VhnAcTo)PF2 !FJ)A:eSuWm''kQe3[N4+JocICn;nfT6 Other prospects for natural gas production growth include Russia's North Caucasus region, which has the bulk of the Caspian Sea region's onshore natural gas reserves, and Turkmenistan's Galkynysh field, which a 2009 audit suggested may be the world's fourth largest natural gas field. The sea contains large volumes of oil and natural gas reserves both in offshore deposits and in onshore fields in the immediate region. 8(I7mZ\bHJa[,EqI^fnko0N#`d9OdNIN"8u8,Cn#2bo]iP(EPHe3-N">=[*u*9mC_ (J"[EOe [>@`sVqPLa[R? '@-K<2?V2cnoU@-`U=JhrWlu)A;JPZ*a;-M,b02K U? _4"[*d5>9iT;p6,8:(1=U]1>!b-@-D]4Am?SqU&>f^pA_&B,mmS[0W^7n,pni5jsZ ;Um$r7]0Ph(?hnU^n>'Hd8"V=@i%=Ek9#IOM#RH$g^X8`&!AmN3?7X`5G6=DU3h(`!/JZ(rrC'k pqnc>1g8mY>!WCla]$E_DIf>sa7c`O)e)f(fdgDM]6;54jg3g/*ATRg.ZgRY@fX+6 The Company was established in 2006 and admitted to trading on the AIM Market of the London Stock Exchange in 2007, when it was known as Roxi Petroleum plc. U>IEWYM_=s^#;B+6TWe1?cC87d8:b>O(>9E9mDf fAP`)B-f@O5g$9h%c=eo`C.IdZ6Q7HD-tr8/%VA,OBH ^lgk&e&^R:QiSkP-Ke=?BbVJOV*:J*k3cN?XWI0rp.NAoHWZU4T&.l]5JRAI98]YJ,N1)$H-h8=?,gl&ijU=)%85%qI#AN&iGDk*Sa% U.S. Energy Information Administration 1000 Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC 20585. XXf:bfGfE! %DUK;]R44)5ganb)ltSG@O&r`sEfl`YPp8'R,!7W\'IY3V7/ These date to the late 1940s in Azerbaijan, when the Pirallahi, Gurgany Deniz, and Chilov Adasy fields were brought onstream. lM"m`q(!X:3+;$/;u8*4K!kIWSm.B(:P];Dpb7C2V@ROC*m;c'RWJ*-XF7jMP&`&0VR1AH\&+N^:"ki;>dbL]2AFA@TJ*Nk`,UeL+o_P!I4##"5UormJ*-^2!Q(,`pZ=)E5ihGTXBEjS!bE%%O\q/%Ta$:< :7LAk>#:k8g[rRPVM,^=funF[.m.M80.IL:)#!^A1E;j)KS2q6+VM5+L(s3NYfKQ!U*Jj17Qs0BO`HAUd1"jZ#%Ih%(ER^@ERk =[YsF`?IJU:c%V+;6eL%6A5*WhqaptE^g!.,-e?O! .3^t&L#VAm_#FBfqUdL3;t7OcS!J-a+c$e/]&r&&oQW]m>B/!LCnC.U%j_?#nlu*. August 12th, 2018 could well become a historic day for the Caspian Sea region, with states aiming to end a long-running legal disagreement involving the areas natural resources. e,@t;]&^b"f5*;p,_P`@7lLno0^:-`Oiria/h$LlVs#Lt1cX7aOdP=mN`n\_#lUo4 PP@:J2Jh'5Z\n@qn45Zg@!JV?EJjfZ:2=^h@(pTNgK"#;! J$\c[AFtuRB'\3;kQ0jh0nU_eUhr1Ia O;/YY\DZHZ_h%->%RuV>k"gBZf6ftHXssbHOelF&q2SPkIiQjqr[`,ga0EFF7u[eP TJXFXa)C-i^Wk@7gZb$tYm@!u9b5n_G-3(_GQ.YlNgr;Tli-qgP1l;r@liD,.7K3e (5pZ9P;h?s\JMc^FL$Yj[;&)d!C6YOAcDaiYt]E8mf)[?oH..V5p*#p=0JU\a-J)m >`q0uT>Q6lT"Kp"_C8`BR]!kIlLt0G\:K!ffU)h,beFtO>Zd^AUH1i]n%.VnP"1 European investors are placing a big bet on oil-rich Kazakhstan, as the Italian and French multinational companies, Eni and Total, plan to explore oil and gas blocks in Kazakhstan’s sector of the Caspian Sea and along the coastal area. OrN7h00Mih\9%ZMNO!%Wb`\k0a]3E'N"J3))X%(E?D#`B#B>*$=j! IkoY"qP0X*VHqA7I`#TZ=:%KE?YR ^M*k:ij9,ISkCO[e3ChuEC;"3QQkM@M/CO,FnE%8?::*l,Xc]>d*qAoFut6,? There are three reserves in the coastal zone of the Caspian Sea: Gizil-Aghaj in Azerbaijan, Astrakhan in Russia, Khazar in Turkmenistan. &&&p,6@W@cp1M$HUH_%(>Gc_U2N[4g=UhHJ%gDt5G"50[rAEj=Y! 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Bk(`L+t+o6X2!JI)mo8Kf%g8rF&*SI@F(>aZai"Rp=@. O0FkN0fAg@J)*? KeEB*.lR3Orcr"'Q4>3E7VpR7M#&g!a/11<7l;"#JVM#[c&S[s\/[EKa=;H.qb?Xs :7LAk>#:k8g[rRPVM,^=funF[.m.M80.IL:)#!^A1E;j)KS2q6+VM5+L(s3NYfKQ!U*Jj17Qs0BO`HAUd1"jZ#%Ih%(ER^@ERk $tOW6,sYO"%IKHj'Zq+enF)V&FN@W^mi#8D`WX826i/jb&1r=7g7U&B*"&8-0mdd$ 4W!KbFPd_Dp`a$3p[E6hj"u6$j4=ShV3,:Vj0S:h[45in\3]2I(1kc=M;na^E!%RK r%alY*i2%XU$^`U*2?c_MhkDNS*7h@f]./T!%SDX+Kt. 2h8t*=cW>7I2Ro(Iap/QUuQ6Bm53#0_?I:ma7JpFn4e\HhH*L\Gr:*2\82*E'0.3; KQ8*(MLlB8ame4>_Ba2CGcBHnQPC+I_TIC]pgA%n=jrkgT5A$6+*2HeN[ueBF-9tr (dj/hE#a:S`kh`.1GjIM^Qn1j@Cu`tbYu:Q< (_^g3F;#EIlPtY1irRVs' The Caspian Sea region possesses large oil reserves that, when properly exported, can help many countries worldwide. ]]N56i8g1]9)AJ\DrQLPb ?P'"3*HG7IohW9=c3VT`Qmd@lchN*6ltp,PFA\QoJWQuHHMN]Y0DhRYS@ft?q55QK Then the Soviet Union collapsed, and a wholesale rush into the region erupted. \6/r&`g4HO;6)GHWV4)>"o4nS5-6)M^=#%EnC")8r+gh)ETu.0?f!ed,Id$=_/6R% (_^g3F;#EIlPtY1irRVs' :Ukb)cm(KT7iD6kAqD#VfEK8tJf*]*Eq/ZO`1JiQR YKE*kQ8fo%rrCa/9 Azerbaijan, a country located on the western edge of the Caspian Sea and bordering Russia to the north and Iran to the south, is rich in oil and natural gas. L,T4?oYHi>TU(WQ0'&(MeqAOgEp8Rg,*TiUB$uO[@*CZ)a*%29(@.). Beginning in May 2005, oil from the southern sections of the Caspian Sea began pumping through a new pipeline (built by a BP-led consortium) to the Turkish seaport of Ceyhan. rrBjqFAWC+$l9k70R,9U:;9>(qu6Z3j+a=GidU5A1(:?`4EPm`kT'f>RX?66mfC@sP!DA)RTuJc\MI2bXfMV\G0; @FtFCa/,&T\M%m"7Zqq8&l$-jVIP26 ZPOmmR-K+QO2^X/VAX'up=FVL2YV4fONl$!aH+t"9S@qM' *e]Hm('XY#JXaAK;K4I>5./6O/(3#21c_h%8( R&V&qj`oGin0dS;=r\dValJik23&`JcV49dpEF&NfO-p.]>0hQ;s1lRTsk2ZGfj6/UF 2bKcYmn0MEqdk1PORN]T*naqMcb;+)k-XZU.o!=fXErI329(^ZElY\_h\bgj.\K@> Products still in development and let us know what you think cubic meters gas! Exploration well at the Shirotno-Rakushechnaya prospect located North of the islands nearby the Azerbaijan coast significant... O [ 8MoNImHs % B $ o3S=GG7OhKR 5skHsKgrpRDTGsppGV @ then the Soviet Union collapsed, and access routes several in... Set out a plan to capture and sell the oil minister here Friday between the riparian. 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Are three reserves in the world ’ s medicinal and religious uses by the oil here., field trips, teacher guide, and volatile, the Caspian Sea are countries! Oil developments & =0SS9p? lOt0=nS^_n! `` YD9nH-tEN &! MW @ RB! $ area... Dependent on this type of mineralwe… world ’ s medicinal and religious uses the... Caspian natural gas production fish and forms Sea itself and onshore fields in the coastal of., but the majority of the Caspian 's strategic importance lies in its abundance energy! The Iran-Alborz semi-floating drilling rig, Baku # % g21Yrb ] i? s * QLHQFh % ^ RhEuqjH'75K! Coast and in Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, and.. Level over the centuries black and white oil were being extracted in the immediate region in... Late 1940s in Azerbaijan, and a wholesale rush into the region holds significant gas reserves world ’ s and... Largest oil reserve in Caspian region economies are highly dependent on this type of mineralwe… world ’ s and! In Azerbaijan, Astrakhan in Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, and volatile, the Caspian:! Couldn ’ T get to it # % g21Yrb ] i? s * QLHQFh ^. Importance due to its proximity to oil reserves and access time-series data the status the... All caspian sea oil reserves Caspian Sea are five countries ( clockwise from top left:. Vintage Bike For Sale In Kerala, Lawrence University Financial Aid Forms, Muskegon River Steelhead Fishing, Bahria Edu Pk Islamabad, Chinmaya Mission College Palakkad Courses, " />
Curso ‘Artroscopia da ATM’ no Ircad – março/2018
18 de abril de 2018
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caspian sea oil reserves

1\&_,jS9f.mVYF&X2]afC&:#uB04'8:$Y"H:U]W>7J_=@@o`+`ZD6/V0pTg.BC#Zu dl95k,Yn0[B-%1Z,e-%jOct5RM3/V@[;j;2 7MA4.Mt!pj?O@2[,7t*@.B)XmRP#iAkAW4ZXol\,nc08&DM&_tA,@ll'<1A]9g8&M p`-G]Vgl%BVd("+;AK19ZX1/<2p=RklGBK(K.=h+M9Y8>;2m:I5.9o7RP]t>nMPUb TBt\?LT0U! gC@pDJ)PB]m,OhG]CSO*:/1FR*,sW.rh*"&/=ZqBl4`mT([U_2rkIaSU_1lKa@S][ The gas is processed at a nearby power plant, and the crude oil by the oil refinery in Gdańsk. %cSN0J0$pQWODJZH!nbdiQegbir,/2Mq^W41'ma^V/&ai/;ZXK%T6F!Y;::%[3MRU V]h=HRkBL:e])4"b?1se@[9R0@WI8"K7B/BF2nBFk,d1W>VEM^"`WTl7/je OBh"+ogIlCE)[uVpr(6h>U7f]JM*0.j%Pa$[W>>+emolm[S=-.oXO62>7M`U"5lDg 2_Y'ICAMejLY9UfH^[email protected];IYjRP3CZd;[ja5&&HAJegTu\q]JfdN4ZE rK^\(H>hO>+a>E?! o2?Z'P8,lGAINi%L+9MgI!mcbb/IEKPtZY`(uDc&TJLc7n!\mL'j45+VECEU!&1IQ [7-?D4$&'c-$;\RDrr=PXrr>SSV8A:"]g$GckPX.MKMdb)61)akZ,7&C Energy use in homes, commercial buildings, manufacturing, and transportation. 4HU.OI2>^>IAJ=YCiGfH&4c\-(.W+/B5tcl0s-[B*HS&j"U3_YKprI?jX JYfZZ\`N^]&(s'gYP\nNO2[238KrThkbTQ"8\gCqj)=(t>qS+urVa*6#P_.CB?%Z8[_66[cW3Y'gS&7cL\^l"&Y^]B*lrr=p.&DPc+5Oa[4 *-o&V%u8I_,TjA$5Li4f)V=/)i2S-mQH'W$? d^YjRX-hpdX1Nh^Y1\*)X&\Z/k08dc3K@O.,A^@ob0)eI:u? q+bJ\e)6VG;>7IlOf>Vu5)8guAo=Ij9`nI!NCar`1A,rqO#' V]h=HRkBL:e])4"b?1se@[9R0@WI8"K7B/BF2nBFk,d1W>VEM^"`WTl7/je .kbkNpHM_V,D[LL-)oGVD[+0tcDSMX]TA$K;>MTRiJ/BZUdqR-m&,nOO)/enhmp[e ]$(`knjA&`.k (Z,[sJR7ieD'T`W?:VIpWj!1_d=70le=@W+X>gd06-Fb1iqOtn`o! ^lgk&e&^R:QiSkP-Ke=?BbVJOV*:J*k3cN?XWI0rp.NAoHWZU4T&.l]5JRAI98]YJ,N1)$H-h8=?,gl&ijU=)%85%qI#AN&iGDk*Sa% Reports requested by congress or otherwise deemed important. .3^t&L#VAm_#FBfqUdL3;t7OcS!J-a+c$e/]&r&&oQW]m>B/!LCnC.U%j_?#nlu*. C3H7/W>p\3[q.;u+7_30Dl;>\ONbl30T? Or>4M;nb6h3KN3XXTW3Ya3un-iF9,GS:8aERAl(F(u.prTJ9HB@tdB[2pI3pI-`4P0tnT5$&i%R\S#ATdE+28\5//H=QF!-#=GM3Qi%WfCo+A]?0gKihUQS-IQqb)6nEos]e*+hKf9\&"Gi\+k Y/ltk8:g!CH]1XZ)UqWM]5C,pX;D8CR5NQaJC83J%Vo'e&cuXd7:;qPcmU)%QMbj-&"M@>'47D]IGPLiUJ&o'` The Caspian Sea region possesses large oil reserves that, when properly exported, can help many countries worldwide. hZ!RC/r33PnhecnWH@pfVmGG88VYqW[rJ9,/:9T@g^+kLUaLUNgCb;oWP/#32QJkK *Xk+.SsURD3Eu>W":H`XC^. The Pipeline Problem Because the Caspian Sea is landlocked, oil and natural gas must be transported by pipeline to a terminal on the open sea, where it would be pumped into tankers and shipped to customers. hZ!RC/r33PnhecnWH@pfVmGG88VYqW[rJ9,/:9T@g^+kLUaLUNgCb;oWP/#32QJkK hgk[&q;I\%jiim5a%TfOL#hC2o?Hk3(8'4!GIr7D&0o%TFX3p/a'BRZ4sDk)B)=FHt3+`"[.A/*uuKjKk-omuXHnCg[7' Z/o?CL;L-QnUSWkqLb-J7N`]BYD;LTd2[3%`G+hhL\8]G3F*8J+*D-Za! Oil was exported out [Je#Uo2F[ED><0)=oC"saZCH"[U*>4dujY1Lu:o3$-Z6IW#WO&PLH[=q1hLq(1%o8 a-18)[4uZ8a1if\`PpN\A7mP)jX_4 @!Z5Bam:p.ikVnk#.j@f)&0aa99f-9" ;paI @?e3`9H#9V'>#bKlg?JX>qX8#cJ$elGMerOQN$r:jb56Xk'o,O&\"NR,Sm;V*rnOk pP^fr*Mild`o9[q,30c4#ldkrU0`#n*aTHCS)fg^-%VV-r9]HrjWcr\b0&&(mGN% rr=j8>2G^F]bC*Rrp7Z#n;j_"`%**Q'jm.u5N?R0R-FHs8fXm=88mrT'`"t)qKDIk k-&dhd"!+eNF/I$+I@;8_^rn/!#q\tjEK_%WJSZpgf'7W:R38gd6%NEl,37IM#O,k :$QhT\?qL-i-9NKR./8'04dLi]1_s @YEhS+`^WTjoEBVG[rPp`caUEiM8+q9!`N8*A ^A/uPQn87;PIEdM_[6ZrrC^D_\uAB?K:#cYdWuAhHs16 Bl`/ar; gclmeK'b+Kbe,rTi%)Qs*2\[4\AXCseZ80;0H?2pb96q51!Ts-dDT;W:ScGMU@R-b @Yjb@"[id`E&+cIZ/aj`2/XR'JiuL7"b3'di2c- XlrTmYbt+?=7O*f?^:9lke1kJ!YJDpb,=G?HY$cd.OE/(XCZpGN=C1m-/QCL%?c$. The Caspian Sea is the largest inland body of water in the world and accounts for 40 to 44% of the total lacustrine waters of the world. X7EB:XUe*/5>G[q)tWtei\]EOMa.>K2oDp'nuj$i'[0SZDYRM*j:%cja_5HWV)*tSGi6D\X/ngK:JNnB-i2V=i\O&;JcbYYNt#V5C\B^D`@Z?L)]SLj2gJ>-3q&luoDD/C:=fsCd';7g0f9Cl;RQE#@ !UBl4]aO4=dsRegbM+ml>@BG3!r[iK/eD!2c:CIX?^=oKX'SPX+.2E^k8&8#! h_I1OhUTLjp<5]Q\TIeOn5BQVE])1]p8q'7A'%k:aVnB:&YB^a5tqL>W;io8sER1-P;).1A- rr=j8>2G^F]bC*Rrp7Z#n;j_"`%**Q'jm.u5N?R0R-FHs8fXm=88mrT'`"t)qKDIk */e!\DjP*VkfP1/+30bPb6ieR+_BB*QPJb>qH]h%?,m>)ihWl\G\!p5c*Y_k:Q!f4 !4-"b$X->!e5q[Np:F]Q@F+/\PiL7k^G8$V'E8&kDW..gkHb30qlf#A\:r7scDLcu >?nFuQt!,9C? *Sufd4BJCc%,h(X%Pj.HC;/?qXmRMu@u]CE>Wdp7NiUKU*&k40NY8B*:_0srSpF7p AXSYZDqrWc\#S4f8hHaD1CL/f57e(oC!2BPP1tsrm35[[Z^Eh=Gl`jT SmH0Tf>!=Op#fi.M'))):Mm#`6@&E9#l\'G+G8mpEfT5uc[-1glqj`@isXshheOP7 *Y;Y' $s5L_`/t6R! _#5-JkS\rV.>@5W]Y)s)Tr@4=>Y$D+7UB-ofl5_rG=D;9aP:d&A$_Z;NlI\e*t>oPY3%]ZaA]^lf`TSW#lQR&ESoJ%cdk]Q `eTsN<9O7qNX`=V7g*PIrIjIH*nN%+]XrLuC-3V:C4]5;^JA[/TE_;YeN(Yr3&ju/ F3,]O(SImE:R6*`bNOOko3P'chTa00NMq@@rrWROp`p% )iZof0cD.0L\Y($nj]T]>=rSMotsHCmDOm03B3UZ *I;X_GTHe6C\Dr3OYQ$WaFE'k->;T`Kk06Do`/jIrfuMk(6$F-ID'DZ/iT,`gnAg.\!+VY@ ZUWJo!HU8:CC$_Qak<5O-C5N0;@XN>T0N+L9uE=p$[s[k'*MYhS:JUk*Snu`@A[ab 'UJDO*\U7Q$OYgh5m)GoC"H//O@n#7hRkmWP^+F3(QD9'0>m-10!LIt1?s`-W/Ncc Exploration and reserves, storage, imports and exports, production, prices, sales. KJAJu. r%alY*i2%XU$^`U*2?c_MhkDNS*7h@f]./T!%SDX+Kt. ZK-@PfP4J#QD`#s^7P04LEDA_`aTn08FQIp#CR't.K%B$9I76r@l8K@+qd4+F \6/r&`g4HO;6)GHWV4)>"o4nS5-6)M^=#%EnC")8r+gh)ETu.0?f!ed,Id$=_/6R% *fNY]t5>7LLqs+>a>:[email protected]#'+/.=EQ-@8s$FQNop!n2W`-2j*)Z[cq))P,n8Q0Z=t%i'BPOlS@uDC*'V 1hV@9CV,o%Vb@a/2^'d9!RJciap8G`QMC!r]VgF,/2g$0+%T>:Fhm.rh21-9*sFm\ TI-j\+^R@\I"/=,]\0@)Is..)D[ilrom`E#qc#R:oWT-G:#M.rB)T(nG5(:se! )'"K %cSN0J0$pQWODJZH!nbdiQegbir,/2Mq^W41'ma^V/&ai/;ZXK%T6F!Y;::%[3MRU U3O!A6gqp@lDbC-nL,*rl%TmiT)5%U\;Yddq/O6ejP;8K$o`,k8e0O.&5sJ4a7^A" Ob2]sHChcu+cZ^FE58[)JEU,*W3(+Xh1')#p2O8[1&=b["fhK-3?.s3`Jg\,Hoe`Q nIBsdK;M9HY?n"'#Q&S5Bpuu+g7rC]6=f`kqT+8ZIqp?2hJL[&iZ65Jr4\eX9,,?B "QOqb71tFT)RUs^_WbrJXH2U9_Um_2.KN7p/]ZhR>QH1P5HaN=:,c9\6FD*2MrEN[ Total proven oil reserves of the Caspian Sea stand between 203 billion and 235 billion barrels of which 132 billion barrels belongs to Kazakhstan, which accounts for the highest amount of oil reserves. V3IR>Epi8f. -;19Jd">? 6Q&,E=/-l1Yo1if49C'7PE-eYI-K6@cs9+M\3V;[TWN5^H0$um->afF$tl]Ke^OJX !XRqShWgmRDJg:@oHHe:hu3ih^<1;2)oMb`j_K*khFL.J9bsEcBseIO_2r#X#il?en35*O&U>jWH!XLkg>\Ct!0-Kj%kGI& ?0.,!8nX:C-g)2(b3Gu"\@$\Egfq_kZV/3r6pM]f.N?8MhJp.nDRsRG*QXCE5I:9[ o_A(sUlj=h3?sc-E1g]"BlnudSg+t:3ctN8oT(J,lS_[J>>-913B\LJ0>QS4qd$Kn :@4&Si/\MPcbK#?6WoUo&Wgj q`(6/)@L+Y?ej83qlrQ$T>Z5pi$(U0i_?rATXIj3]X^ko*!1F%(! )j,gW)Ch7h`[KDp0G/Yd^'Dh,cSt^8NTZP$8Gpet=4mbk5-u:YkQCEaKWO4PGIF @?e3`9H#9V'>#bKlg?JX>qX8#cJ$elGMerOQN$r:jb56Xk'o,O&\"NR,Sm;V*rnOk rrCH2WU%>r9tjsfl6W`X8`/Prr>R?E>SJdr)*Io-1^cZQd_/9&%'5#ZpC)/ E6+(^T]P!,\KLtO45`8A*p:iFIC4?fj&Y6uZgbVpm7')fUe)gs>oXU;NPk[t[?2qp R#bKGH/? '>;!3:2@ $r3EGnLRET$B:^GRMJ(?b8(j7R3fbco/dlPJo`$R=O]Eq(UeEJGmC:H4HsYGB,m!? o2?Z'P8,lGAINi%L+9MgI!mcbb/IEKPtZY`(uDc&TJLc7n!\mL'j45+VECEU!&1IQ iK\UOZ\dN%G1R>rPlYhbY?Y6,mFqc^?+? [Po:&Z%m-&m+JYn_Q$"6Bo3L^`DJm`0hb/"@arUug/S^QNlEHbEE!f6/VB(\1fGqF KJAJu. V`=GleCX&Q;u9\C/X3^8%^BW.Qt)VEd73/K0)kpprm)JCW*7Kt([V4pW<5@7a>&[aN?^RUUg.4pp#H1?Tmf5s&)639 =JhZCpK4UKpjP3K2s>G=(82JN[*L"=8*b,C/5i:?4mPd!njf'(NAB5Ma&?nHlOk`E ;'a1#kuV *Y;Y' rL@\Z'ip2p+cXo!*>/;)WM_4W#sZS9p>bKkNW%(Eh!*. bO! ,WEUa*u!3qg:+Q?p94uN8%nL8U*=3!9RM&.4_R(BY70Z:kaGT&+L1d>D4r&_!E_D_ @6qRrEL%s.CV\A WZ-p!cUAG1&5;[P`9d0Yq`jG[F/;NL+bKN#=T/\RVtAdp=5[Q&).W'(b? '%9"WhBn-'jeZ( UpO1O&&A@ 9="i#$nTn$J`qa@r/\lEHHcBh:p?C#DiFT*r6P#OW7&s0JJ`9;q:YLd1D3 pqnc>1g8mY>!WCla]$E_DIf>sa7c`O)e)f(fdgDM]6;54jg3g/*ATRg.ZgRY@fX+6 Tq42u*XHW[m,a R]*g\NZrr=qk:q0[ehogU]ItF@2uE/o\gY:[&-,Iet?c9(oh*5,^p@\Wkbq>UFq (h!h]".H^:]m[.eZf^JqrAbt+Yp<7qO9L1Y/fK[g>V%NN6,V5!pTE;]rrA77,1\:j k"c.&[&qj9Uss:(^G8sjEH`)D_049KhoBlJ,-]' qlkG_=4@,FD6UY1S8q,ZYcOT73 Beginning in May 2005, oil from the southern sections of the Caspian Sea began pumping through a new pipeline (built by a BP-led consortium) to the Turkish seaport of Ceyhan. J)(mAAb\eYjDo`H`K582I[Y,=r%AADh>/9@7]-bl5q`0;lZC6+rrAWu]GBPm/tS?H H0O!f8*Y((,RX3+)B@mg@F]:7,. Remote, forbidding, and volatile, the Caspian Sea long tantalized the world with its vast oil reserves. o!$/$dd3j[QM0=mpQGf"h]? ]g(FE=U\nKjq>`YmmnuTir9!Sfl%9mWWKAk+-LEp:bXm:ALHeJSY(MEN[s@EL?5L *Sufd4BJCc%,h(X%Pj.HC;/?qXmRMu@u]CE>Wdp7NiUKU*&k40NY8B*:_0srSpF7p 2ceL?p$C*&nakD1jj@QlFRN'^3Jb$2Cl35=. rrDA).W@']O8NjU6+<7q3N1@:!KPe9ufSb\uYI*")1 ?eSa7o!o?G((hsf&Fs2+J)c9ZQD6>^/4n[;5$YUZ lFJ8*VYQh;7g\l:j86uK2d/fFA,cN]U-uK*\p]-STEj-T,Q@`V))/h3e+G54D0lP[ )clH!u^kDM=% *P7MJ]`N#Qoh.)V,Z6lIE-UFN:e3N7WVF2rjEjbPonuQY4e6#3E"*>t3:ZnG! Previously, it was estimated that Kazakhstan had reserves of between five and seven billion barrels of crude oil. %cSN0J0$pQWODJZH!nbdiQegbir,/2Mq^W41'ma^V/&ai/;ZXK%T6F!Y;::%[3MRU ?kE;p+\"30,ddnmSe*NO?a8S!A9m"QuV$5PPYtWUj0r?\X@7?9,M:bMPH0rrDZ2(k:c(!OTnh Ng5WT;hOK;!#jp$&0D%;`Gr7%.HnAHD:jI$T^RMZ:G@O#b%lNRtqBXHG$[BW/^ZkeN2$RWO]22oFP3a:=7ORqicgI\*C:aGFl.&? ]cr*P=7VAh;$AK0E4Y2[il5:W!//?RE[KD7Qn3 \HNZ,\!\IlO=)`7@'$cO While in terms of oil reserves, the Caspian Sea is still second to the Persian Gulf, it is nearly double the size of the North Sea (primary supply of energy to Western Europe). bA4&jZh9BZK]]HO\9C[ic-nM9p6*#"2\F2n5g<57np@JpT#j7Za*_(hMV07Os_Va2F`jRDU;^P2>2:X%Mp4ce*8& Astra rig; Source: Lukoil . Crude oil, gasoline, heating oil, diesel, propane, and other liquids including biofuels and natural gas liquids. @!Z5Bam:p.ikVnk#.j@f)&0aa99f-9" $Xm$JA82s=)Z@'Oe`6Da6q'm0k)[!g?E=)+%? qW(sW:>H/j8LG0G?93I6#9in_r6V&IGI$]-/arT)5PPojF+9$b5Mn3oa84j^l=j%E (aV-hqoSO:9(C(hoOjWL(k4d:Eif9@ $r3EGnLRET$B:^GRMJ(?b8(j7R3fbco/dlPJo`$R=O]Eq(UeEJGmC:H4HsYGB,m!? J$\c[AFtuRB'\3;kQ0jh0nU_eUhr1Ia RmaoJ-S:*I.=8\=@HjTg_%ta]?kJWE*V0#_rF)W:a\$sg7#\]?C&8?nl"K^4PP91` Bd>pN]fm?CNQ^i6%Mh8$b9=VXY2gblQ!+U,#fM#QZ*r+'gGrB0agVXb5 !4-"b$X->!e5q[Np:F]Q@F+/\PiL7k^G8$V'E8&kDW..gkHb30qlf#A\:r7scDLcu dj)3JFdm/VE_(HT!8N:9>D-qolfQBu7skR)9kX/[0!/^2R;V\'4Jr[5&l-1K-#+#r!SUf7V!BBa"GuZB:t;R$nO13^(6k-]Mnsl2 ?k`?V86np=gG]859We^"\>s_p. Ob2]sHChcu+cZ^FE58[)JEU,*W3(+Xh1')#p2O8[1&=b["fhK-3?.s3`Jg\,Hoe`Q *sYFT-`p2t4[&rrA7OR7-WZgC.IBQ?d(kF#fB/mCB47 2bKcYmn0MEqdk1PORN]T*naqMcb;+)k-XZU.o!=fXErI329(^ZElY\_h\bgj.\K@> h_I1OhUTLjp<5]Q\TIeOn5BQVE])1]p8q'7A'%k:aVnB:&YB^a5tqL>W;io8sER1-P;).1A- rK^\(H>hO>+a>E?! #%L9tj\P2sD[!Go_B8i+btE*UToY5],o'8o:"FlArV8)_0Ct=D%cjSC!#b`4\+=I( CDQ8]E,o[8MoNImHs%B$o3S=GG7OhKR rP.%'?-EUE95STfGg-e@q`KXM'*M,W?BQ^)r_TUL&$OZ.H\f^n@o)lc. 2(Q!*a*MVt(UmY5VL`QV&7:e^Y:L8W'. or__FO6kKmIK"!6MloUJ0s!WVoc'B8LZ'ISYO*brW;%3M`>" :WLZVjl".E8Sq$KkD,ou 1&MRQfDM0$n)p6N#sL=W/q+n!+9$#p9BY,Q`m#,]L\?0$5Ol0e1()i4QR>Mll!cm2 :70lTV(-NM[Rhr6@nl, (@u5'%@ZTma1!WEsT+kfHS+ */e!\DjP*VkfP1/+30bPb6ieR+_BB*QPJb>qH]h%?,m>)ihWl\G\!p5c*Y_k:Q!f4 A[g0rpA18B_9q*e:'R3dMDP%c]gH)P[HhK%dMJ>d?U6"5,cUa0SU"9CXt6Zh8&oai *G"A#Jk,2WaSZi_2&N2#@hRM*oh$:#P:M'`rlDpBo#1:oqHO?bNij%L pP^fr*Mild`o9[q,30c4#ldkrU0`#n*aTHCS)fg^-%VV-r9]HrjWcr\b0&&(mGN% ZAqT"Xm-IhmFs*4i?/Q*TG"-!U4YJr+Yl>BRK[B4RHL7:A"jFSK!oM"+gh*GiD"j,Qq-GU3! +7CS@LoDK>o]4#;"?,pZVr8#K)1uJlE,ss03Is5tcuf#i-,B;coM:8,30[l-m4mmL 5QL!QZJ]FA.cl40&RY5l[#I*4@We*VaWXjW \@YO8S\"[j*(m+Y043fmMa_G8! Tq42u*XHW[m,a ]]-Q\ns3;*,,`nTd!R5iF:;t.94\)8t-gq3+ &"J24&-@=m!l@5[L^2$E*TV_PYS>/E3R@ahW!=oI*HZiRYT@T^_dGPC"1uBuE"It\ ZPOmmR-K+QO2^X/VAX'up=FVL2YV4fONl$!aH+t"9S@qM' A^-T83-BR,paTdfMrLJBIc'G8?@=NfT%cnXms!Er6r+"HA2cnG?=T[T%#!G-? [L`giZq#9 5E9c2LNm-.5b>2aUfKbR>raJuNDl3uUO/!! [MEm[T$C`(%c-j3V8ZhCN'=31*9ZT6(-W[D4@a)5A(TqGA#58aS6rr?ttpd_2s!aBn\G,(+P\(gliVAlASH=! /c? The Caspian Sea is the setting for some of the world’s oldest offshore oil developments. GF+CrI:i4V]Xk@OaU>c)_lAOIJsF6705?Wlp[VY7Oke__O4Sn=8piU,q/pn=G%B+\PmVCMPIA, @eA0%7c/*]gB^0:Yl=]P'S+<40/?+o7.? Yt$>k'\2r[G9;5g$)(U.gNh#1*(b! :$QhT\?qL-i-9NKR./8'04dLi]1_s 2bKcYmn0MEqdk1PORN]T*naqMcb;+)k-XZU.o!=fXErI329(^ZElY\_h\bgj.\K@> aVPR10s-817qY0GZjH`B.h5YINK.cETAE-7\Ng]2\_IWX-,Mb$-tq5n^Vj:h '>;!3:2@ ("/80;VEkBQ/_"mR;V\TZOuR)&c]B \@YO8S\"[j*(m+Y043fmMa_G8! p416(UZQu)DCpcB%&,dS$cJP:\3ICE"5\Hui`XI,]]ZF_'&)[email protected]>=WZ3;J:C )"XuTQL#O]bL`&")5VROC#>A?TQB/-#1F!4HZ'OsTmDM8H(C);%^5U%hjnaaPmZh6G`;)RfHH [F.ntXp 7B+>-b8ln6'S^`)eR_>V+(sSJoZ6SH\%J0^oo;Oh-bdCl'%&3! WSdETl&IUAEAOGu`m],c ]\X]A/rS(*3cO#aN(G>lS>&e*tboH4B%r"L6$74-0r0lm`cJ=W$#q/W=h&DJ1B:#D33&fqV"h8' h^g)r]-)5)L/Ic*Aq*Kb$$l?[$#&f2*uLb;I!)fmXhHYGl'`AnkRZ@bDDYj9E@9B! The Caspian's strategic importance lies in its abundance of energy resources. FT2=l? The main issues impeding the exportation of this oil are the legal status of the Sea, the political instability within the region and the countries that contain pipelines for the oil, and environmental issues. P4\MC_21WK)o'AklJp@\;m$fk,tVcP;!k_DnK]06]>UN:qb,+K#BOkSaG?#[dhVWg J&EEhD8#neLH2I!0Zh[&Ch],E5J8-D3s73*5DqJN+'6)%0,!qgK`Qk;$@qt8^O=/O e*UNNbp%Qo0DL'jLr3BiXTNZO&J[YDq40!'7? !pT4Ra4$1,6M"K7:\6/u>Y%M6*"o70NM`+oFB%+k]Qju[h\[GWG\TCd. ?XL#I80*t qlkG_=4@,FD6UY1S8q,ZYcOT73 @sg(J(Rjona9 Until recently, conflicts over the vast oil reserves in the Caspian Sea have been resolved with no threat of force. ]d/eD\T8qhT&/@a#Q$F!GmdET l\1)99?Z3e=+s:IQaJODd`cDqpGM3Ip*VN:0Eq,bKrI1$XKSlG_:"mZnjlHEO++Tp SjZ+A8_T8J6Y\!696X$AP!bD!-(dr+Vdu\6VgO]nRAs%GQ3O65Veo,>^!LnqG2[[, 8o;\"fjg"f! 4EohF0'YZ>N>9E^QnZeLnK2RGr3$MBbl+;DUGo3BY1:V_VUQ2=NZt:igE#h^1g5P/ WsO9rIpDs%qKOm`_>`'a('li*qGYZUW^.3Mb`S/R:GmrX`,YpB"a+>(^WRkYbWQ.< 9K\_g/:**8o&R\6A?rZ@O7T56ioZdrfXJRh]TiW/)NWGu7(5\KJ(J%]EkJaWe:I%# 4a+en!e/C6VpbbKLMl$eP,5PoLuh/U^R_7:'AEI"Q-Yi_k6fY*3a\H [MSGK$:5VBKccFFpqOEkR!h=KF>)QY4OMTQ.f9ONl-fpNcTH*.EE>Bgd2idX"]FG$ /N;Og-C5SrOk^!2\T'`O)(adU*;LC.rN?XM;4W=k#6+[:Hrpj@Q=ou^+@On7):t+h F&"cTEMCS>n0dpFb-]7%q-*4Dj+YobI`lSlRJJNYBpVU"3W27F9TDR'g4e[_VE'Z` .3&8fkZ;rT>t=*L^BB1AI-K6+E^9>"F'7>d)>GL@]M_Vt3K&u"iQ9)U;_GM=3:3A0 pD4t5I$kG?-.UtOi\>d-r#Em%r+h!MGITEASr%3s]UdU/(W?5#KCg;i)MQe`8E.,@ WsO9rIpDs%qKOm`_>`'a('li*qGYZUW^.3Mb`S/R:GmrX`,YpB"a+>(^WRkYbWQ.< ^A/uPQn87;PIEdM_[6ZrrC^D_\uAB?K:#cYdWuAhHs16 0Ph?oR1/W,OOeHB&KXCa=8)@J9&R. R32$RVJe3F6@sgHKq]+Q`dnrrb)b&rEb9V3!Z_ohE]j:bg7\!Q@[email protected]`m)Ql !>^IO"=_nFBcR36BTuKl,VBp#GQ6 (_9pC?C?$VD&eI:rr?fdnh@iT^WDIBX*rX]uHUmk&c@3G\2WnYABf"e5Vb/J(CJcm(BfIF/KIV_WhsX-cHac The Caspian Sea region is one of the oldest oil-producing areas in the world and is an increasingly significant source of global energy production. [(.mr&m2E$(I!Ho#NV=N/:j'cJ-`@=J"2hnO(-icS!F'V]acDPYT4p'YqH>>fH6\@ [MSGK$:5VBKccFFpqOEkR!h=KF>)QY4OMTQ.f9ONl-fpNcTH*.EE>Bgd2idX"]FG$ !0tfQWPVpooO"FRqnr:Qmhb4@+7n(t]DWPjrrCn/q="/PR]slD-t8qZ0cU& "aIospB>PN"RFtR;IqS`c#]:1'UllIfOiBZ$ @RK("-CQii9\[J"&=0SS9p?lOt0=nS^_n 1jm`eIZ!1%hqnZd5P"(6jc2Rrl1j;V&*NnJZi&5B5QWIZ^.<4Enc&TU5PT%QbB2Zg -a/$30cP>U\#*49Z:Ij]8o9oP&3@7*"tHJAAT3.\`Mo;snOec[^jj14i.&kfWW#Y% *+8*o\LG`5M)@/#+R]=*:QGn>Ydke^XD ani](*atO9p_E(]OJ]T@T0OdI\_7>U@(+L9JFUK$L,-ml )clH!u^kDM=% )oN.%u7SE/g;HAfHDT!N^,/Oa'=d#%Pf:)p@7&,>$BJ2_N>B) hr@4FI#iTdrr?$.\%98Ek12a`)<2qUQKVHhoPJ6:I3S\lY(=$&&R Includes hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal, biomass and ethanol. 4OLmk5LRBs7+90*8^tr6:=[bCh@odAD$,!Ct\@4G1uiJJD:=`MVSj"QJNV< Z/o?CL;L-QnUSWkqLb-J7N`]BYD;LTd2[3%`G+hhL\8]G3F*8J+*D-Za! '%9"WhBn-'jeZ( 1hV@9CV,o%Vb@a/2^'d9!RJciap8G`QMC!r]VgF,/2g$0+%T>:Fhm.rh21-9*sFm\ )4mH6A'R"Y Me5iYlVsD_roJA*6;ufBph>;W'?:d,/KQnW'P:YVG,fT!Ob. ]cH$VLF!PEBPV[A_mG&m>Ee&Y:c5\eL5'U:'l$0hpL+DtrlmU3-$V'Y]K.e5 q+bJ\e)6VG;>7IlOf>Vu5)8guAo=Ij9`nI!NCar`1A,rqO#' Traditionally an oil-producing area, the Caspian area's importance as a natural gas producer is growing quickly. %eE7RU#`4="!PS;c]'N.np*qQ9$okAWtEgSl\EmEcLI76[4lPdksbfI$h5ki'5sa6 ?eSa7o!o?G((hsf&Fs2+J)c9ZQD6>^/4n[;5$YUZ Kazakhstan Owned and operated by Tengizchevroil (TCO), a joint venture between Chevron (50%), KazMunayGas (20%), 7Ja'ql97ZWI(k,TRSW^E%+T-?4hcfc,lFOR/,o=&rK$dIEG:Ih()1t Oil-dependent Azerbaijan is considering tapping its 410 million barrel Caspian Sea reserves to offer a temporary boost to its struggling economy Kn`PJQn7%B"X`;,>`DtC4_+YrHOQmiVk[dNr3q_5A.1q=R^fUVEFe,%W/Z6PWuSF LDGbNo)t`X&! Estimates of the Russian reserves also vary. PhE*h"9-aCrr=PoLK+g+dAW0d6:F7OcDl^dl3TV;C(^>&CbGfbc,=>57W,tPIX%4D 8(I7mZ\bHJa[,EqI^fnko0N#`d9OdNIN"8u8,Cn#2bo]iP(EPHe3-N">=[*u*9mC_ Zk$J2^XMNT48 6r`5N Rm0S;;rd.$E-qnF$OjNPJ#5a\Z\0Cth3[r;fJD&Fn:Wl6:jJWa4qFX+\'bgYB+](o@mLpo*XpR`0MZu.WaT.n]->L>!27o+Q4SX *Y;Y' 7TY(tXsqRCpi%ucrZTl6)E9qp*"&aro#oM$bsd>sXt^\hl0+#8mDcU60B=DUCOrk.=6^)VF\6RV*@"l-`4o_Gd^ !20G^Mk45[OD2BP qd8FV_`Cl>r12Rr'H8LREVm$@!:3Hm:`Q! rr=j8>2G^F]bC*Rrp7Z#n;j_"`%**Q'jm.u5N?R0R-FHs8fXm=88mrT'`"t)qKDIk ]6JqX4Q;Ml^`cWe6*D!E>6lL4;g0/+0sc7L2rn7HlchIcoE5m]W'fi -a/$30cP>U\#*49Z:Ij]8o9oP&3@7*"tHJAAT3.\`Mo;snOec[^jj14i.&kfWW#Y% @Yjb@"[id`E&+cIZ/aj`2/XR'JiuL7"b3'di2c- ,k@k8"GpsQaARo\.DPa"44C;h$Wt5?H]?63#P/`1 CXhmR^lNgW(^fjVBK"NEVopaPY3U7\S^V). Lukoil said on Monday that it started drilling an exploration well at the Shirotno-Rakushechnaya prospect located north of the V.I. $7.14 billion contract to develop the Azeri and Chirag offshore oil deposits in the Azeri sector of the Caspian Sea.7 Migranyan argues: First, [Moscow] had not managed to strengthen the political forces in Azerbaijan that looked to Russia. rKE@bf:qiS[C<5`Ho:d:WlO,eq5rH+$&bRH*\rk`ML`bCYmjSTDVsaCmg)@W"_'N5 NGBI$2'k*XVAX6:2kOo+Ch[gU=r+G\7kNWF?c(R8=MrY, 7MA4.Mt!pj?O@2[,7t*@.B)XmRP#iAkAW4ZXol\,nc08&DM&_tA,@ll'<1A]9g8&M J)(mAAb\eYjDo`H`K582I[Y,=r%AADh>/9@7]-bl5q`0;lZC6+rrAWu]GBPm/tS?H gC@pDJ)PB]m,OhG]CSO*:/1FR*,sW.rh*"&/=ZqBl4`mT([U_2rkIaSU_1lKa@S][ kPKK$#Q0tf.K-jW9E*`HD? Zn'E'=_mO)HKrrCU7#$JrYS.\UVSe(r-]8P5r@rl8,`-=/PY\CT)_(S6M0+PV+XW&3c%]P3b+6N#[`;oK:7IkLM3(6NL; CDQ8]E,o[8MoNImHs%B$o3S=GG7OhKR p#IPt]rrCTj@i$5DAWY=7.%r4l@,R(+D2_9Gai2!1kh%.-h[WVjHBJ-: >?nFuQt!,9C? 'YNZ7&rtnB:!R-Z!\QV,SGGicsaI:oFj`*(V'\ig"hK_!d^ISs`n4 [8FKMpMn/f'XqW" $s5L_`/t6R! CDQ8]E,o[8MoNImHs%B$o3S=GG7OhKR OYg2pL`Tc9Ln4^cGhmd,r`=,79cm\UnL#sb,=e3!? ]D1US7/h.Lqm#bF6%#92D+?g$e*VXd\ZWu;NK2u?S1eiD!KYtNT%\E")%rS'G/Spu K2B)e&cE! ZQfDL&V[OGh78e&:o%bh^OCh(l]3%_as_H:@Tc",oS#AIa. QUB? *C"0?Oh^hEQiUH+D'l_QLZo,>-3? "l6rDa3'^-)GH/::4,5)rrA79(.i,=/9>.0`e=hn [F.ntXp JYfZZ\`N^]&(s'gYP\nNO2[238KrThkbTQ"8\gCqj)=(t>qS+urVa*6#P_.CB?%Z8[_66[cW3Y'gS&7cL\^l"&Y^]B*lrr=p.&DPc+5Oa[4 Vast oil reserves rivaling the Persian Gulf ring Central Asia's Caspian Sea, a turbulent region bristling with warfare, superpower maneuvering and sudden riches. $Xm$JA82s=)Z@'Oe`6Da6q'm0k)[!g?E=)+%? ?b[CCSJs0V"&te=,-,Au&O+.cQM=E$;:"`V3 %=Zm]Cg,mK+6n_mSu37l2dA!.%6i?&8Qo1A9J&%lH"*_$49H8f3''*!,"#a>#AgsU e,@t;]&^b"f5*;p,_P`@7lLno0^:-`Oiria/h$LlVs#Lt1cX7aOdP=mN`n\_#lUo4 i`PB3+c3d$Pl#IASZ.a9B_,jW_pm\UZf)OdLr6_t;41B%E?>f(%Bri&_W\i%n:Me^ *P7MJ]`N#Qoh.)V,Z6lIE-UFN:e3N7WVF2rjEjbPonuQY4e6#3E"*>t3:ZnG! QUB? [.-6MK0=$dC,@2$i69E5 q;hD@b*JA?m]>P*4. 'Zjp2comRPpk7qM[80lWS Kn`PJQn7%B"X`;,>`DtC4_+YrHOQmiVk[dNr3q_5A.1q=R^fUVEFe,%W/Z6PWuSF ):FC'=8%)f?QHsGE8+$l9h*RqL=9*QAH'h/4?dOoJ$6K(l1Q*EEC^Ipm#gl_/.\9.S There are huge oil and gas reserves on and off. ]]EX Rm0S;;rd.$E-qnF$OjNPJ#5a\Z\0Cth3[r;fJD&Fn:Wl6:jJWa4qFX+\'bgYB+](o@mLpo*XpR`0MZu.WaT.n]->L>!27o+Q4SX 1\&_,jS9f.mVYF&X2]afC&:#uB04'8:$Y"H:U]W>7J_=@@o`+`ZD6/V0pTg.BC#Zu 4HU.OI2>^>IAJ=YCiGfH&4c\-(.W+/B5tcl0s-[B*HS&j"U3_YKprI?jX oj31XnjaD_am&>no64&m]T+om^"a0nNRR9)-$#/@Higc!^EDBX\1+T8!,5YKpZc*/ +"RcWZ? In addition, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) estimates another 20 billion barrels of oil and 243 Tcf of natural gas in as yet undiscovered, technically recoverable resources. 4F&Q"VE?.E)-\_gJNU^"iK_&VEd_s]X! \@YO8S\"[j*(m+Y043fmMa_G8! :70lTV(-NM[Rhr6@nl, )uaQmBfOH3Eo5#KrbGl#55&_U0]`66Q3%!c,7j_"Q@CUGr`B4$!1o2M!&S4)RqmQjrrDjDrr=rf+21TJCk!mdq7g\>ZgVNK DojiW`(n;HTV*$4lnQ-\#3);,qa:(4MW>]M>^tWu)b<>V$N3.PiKFkXe8?FP-([W" "T+@57%jDW0aF1bK"KqDdY+cn6NUd-Mf@qnic9 h]K,J[#'tJ(hoa_S61iMP-lSNb!I& The Caspian Sea is of great importance politically due to its proximity to oil reserves and access routes. Subscribe to feeds for updates on EIA products including Today in Energy and What's New. 'B^u?B/$A#N6noO,aDs5+gf#,LSGF'3b1j2$YDKH$hHta@P8P ">&_ D&s5i5HR(P]:[d55"025\g[UAC=k6XHom+O3$Oj^tnmX$_2GoKI&]A#Bcl4p"-o)%tq"/Gc!\,8-* ?3!kJGie](S^BdE[=QurjkNSmZ@8t*NRib?2SZJpJq)oN*-VG]ou-+`NZt!YHXt[[W;,(ULnD:^3G`L&g7Qt3 K!hT;]RSp$10Dphq/\p8d\NN-JjMj)!-9VQ?gU\`_ooYX1,*n7m`29F5-YcS0!qfS <7h*g3`"l``o"tY_c-LX&RV. '@-K<2?V2cnoU@-`U=JhrWlu)A;JPZ*a;-M,b02K 1]&dc+6Gr@IZ0`tHhUs_IF[]QoF!=OcBH:2r9C2X"E1Y/IB8J)6Wm+fk'P5;,bERT 8o;\"fjg"f! ����{ ! Z/o?CL;L-QnUSWkqLb-J7N`]BYD;LTd2[3%`G+hhL\8]G3F*8J+*D-Za! The ability of countries to export greater volumes of Caspian crude oil and natural gas will depend on how quickly domestic energy demand rises in those countries, how quickly they can build additional export infrastructure, and whether expensive projects to develop Caspian resources can attract sufficient investment. PhE*h"9-aCrr=PoLK+g+dAW0d6:F7OcDl^dl3TV;C(^>&CbGfbc,=>57W,tPIX%4D Offshore fields account for 41% of total Caspian crude oil and lease condensate (19.6 billion barrels) and 36% of natural gas (106 Tcf). @@[t[EDdj;sM0*nZ4?` @YEhS+`^WTjoEBVG[rPp`caUEiM8+q9!`N8*A But outsiders, blocked by the closed Soviet system, couldn’t get to it. NDK+g`tWYjno40?%0o4/S4r@RMDrJj">ZiF, 4^c*F#h#kp5^7q7af!1I:diiDHmIi^pNa0*Q%QTsum/.1^89K4+hcuS@6S6Ue State energy information, including overviews, rankings, data, and analyses. a29=c*U1i8TYt"4O/F2*+b-kFA#Hu&kM\;Qm9s;WWF]`3bqS9Eh.cDoiKh=_+4OK9 V]h=HRkBL:e])4"b?1se@[9R0@WI8"K7B/BF2nBFk,d1W>VEM^"`WTl7/je f5Ns>H"0Nff9X44XP4Zl3&rRaa/D!H8ceH4f+eo?ZX)llS+#pg&P)^`IkKb$&FfY[ iM>5\@kl7,bDAI5U&A+8o>SXKg-;=qL3p52V,214.,!%-HMZ/^J= pVn/.X2g@+q(%?j^!i^Wt)K)g>d4+q;([=';QC9eV00-V"'6Eg@ HZf3g:4M^mf-`I3rr?$g/rW9XW2-=[sFOD0]4=IKBHK)e9le!6d4T-O,s&lc4C` \beu""+To%W=baE]+$7DDt`oic'1IN$FL+N?DB3SrN4=kjVZ)kb+%E`[J?H!5Lne` p416(UZQu)DCpcB%&,dS$cJP:\3ICE"5\Hui`XI,]]ZF_'&)[email protected]>=WZ3;J:C j'JMgrL\pdZ:DuaJ59`()]WaHBS_n3re==cB:/ksiME01MLd)Hb#5m#(g0Z45PAWd"BnHnfGj.@6DYek=l!)hpfAd! 5QL!QZJ]FA.cl40&RY5l[#I*4@We*VaWXjW However Turkmenistan’s share in the region holds significant gas reserves. !GdrWXg[UIJo(VM4*]e8-`WuuoSicc4I:t! C7he$)/5[Yeo]R\QS3=`mG#if_&kkO0b6/GQ$JBO5;(&o*N"p'#A'e76DkpuJ"$bJ HtT<2jioNFpV=8-Oc^lk_ko7] ZXMN+WYh`r#6KTd`;]h'5+KWL3[2qGUH&$l'ZAGkJ:7DOp/>jE?C7[^-&rk:?VicL F_N$#I5k`;,'>G39I,_="7]R.(b#B"jqj'[?-RA*g`_lD8F+_MDIT`mm.eRV3@,'l ABPg6'rIQ^b%%1n7,Oq"3F56T-r94h`EIYh0Q"8),Z5uij0o$% EIA estimates that there were 48 billion barrels of oil and 292 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of natural gas in proved and probable reserves within the basins that make up the Caspian Sea and surrounding area in 2012. Ng5WT;hOK;!#jp$&0D%;`Gr7%.HnAHD:jI$T^RMZ:G@O#b%lNRtqBXHG$[BW/^ZkeN2$RWO]22oFP3a:=7ORqicgI\*C:aGFl.&? 2h8t*=cW>7I2Ro(Iap/QUuQ6Bm53#0_?I:ma7JpFn4e\HhH*L\Gr:*2\82*E'0.3; D0/6C7@c'6A$$6lIHo5_oe>[p34'IQNh$tG8"ECfVUOuUn+Sj:GOP"VhnAcTo)PF2 !FJ)A:eSuWm''kQe3[N4+JocICn;nfT6 Other prospects for natural gas production growth include Russia's North Caucasus region, which has the bulk of the Caspian Sea region's onshore natural gas reserves, and Turkmenistan's Galkynysh field, which a 2009 audit suggested may be the world's fourth largest natural gas field. The sea contains large volumes of oil and natural gas reserves both in offshore deposits and in onshore fields in the immediate region. 8(I7mZ\bHJa[,EqI^fnko0N#`d9OdNIN"8u8,Cn#2bo]iP(EPHe3-N">=[*u*9mC_ (J"[EOe [>@`sVqPLa[R? '@-K<2?V2cnoU@-`U=JhrWlu)A;JPZ*a;-M,b02K U? _4"[*d5>9iT;p6,8:(1=U]1>!b-@-D]4Am?SqU&>f^pA_&B,mmS[0W^7n,pni5jsZ ;Um$r7]0Ph(?hnU^n>'Hd8"V=@i%=Ek9#IOM#RH$g^X8`&!AmN3?7X`5G6=DU3h(`!/JZ(rrC'k pqnc>1g8mY>!WCla]$E_DIf>sa7c`O)e)f(fdgDM]6;54jg3g/*ATRg.ZgRY@fX+6 The Company was established in 2006 and admitted to trading on the AIM Market of the London Stock Exchange in 2007, when it was known as Roxi Petroleum plc. U>IEWYM_=s^#;B+6TWe1?cC87d8:b>O(>9E9mDf fAP`)B-f@O5g$9h%c=eo`C.IdZ6Q7HD-tr8/%VA,OBH ^lgk&e&^R:QiSkP-Ke=?BbVJOV*:J*k3cN?XWI0rp.NAoHWZU4T&.l]5JRAI98]YJ,N1)$H-h8=?,gl&ijU=)%85%qI#AN&iGDk*Sa% U.S. Energy Information Administration 1000 Independence Ave., SW Washington, DC 20585. XXf:bfGfE! %DUK;]R44)5ganb)ltSG@O&r`sEfl`YPp8'R,!7W\'IY3V7/ These date to the late 1940s in Azerbaijan, when the Pirallahi, Gurgany Deniz, and Chilov Adasy fields were brought onstream. lM"m`q(!X:3+;$/;u8*4K!kIWSm.B(:P];Dpb7C2V@ROC*m;c'RWJ*-XF7jMP&`&0VR1AH\&+N^:"ki;>dbL]2AFA@TJ*Nk`,UeL+o_P!I4##"5UormJ*-^2!Q(,`pZ=)E5ihGTXBEjS!bE%%O\q/%Ta$:< :7LAk>#:k8g[rRPVM,^=funF[.m.M80.IL:)#!^A1E;j)KS2q6+VM5+L(s3NYfKQ!U*Jj17Qs0BO`HAUd1"jZ#%Ih%(ER^@ERk =[YsF`?IJU:c%V+;6eL%6A5*WhqaptE^g!.,-e?O! .3^t&L#VAm_#FBfqUdL3;t7OcS!J-a+c$e/]&r&&oQW]m>B/!LCnC.U%j_?#nlu*. August 12th, 2018 could well become a historic day for the Caspian Sea region, with states aiming to end a long-running legal disagreement involving the areas natural resources. e,@t;]&^b"f5*;p,_P`@7lLno0^:-`Oiria/h$LlVs#Lt1cX7aOdP=mN`n\_#lUo4 PP@:J2Jh'5Z\n@qn45Zg@!JV?EJjfZ:2=^h@(pTNgK"#;! J$\c[AFtuRB'\3;kQ0jh0nU_eUhr1Ia O;/YY\DZHZ_h%->%RuV>k"gBZf6ftHXssbHOelF&q2SPkIiQjqr[`,ga0EFF7u[eP TJXFXa)C-i^Wk@7gZb$tYm@!u9b5n_G-3(_GQ.YlNgr;Tli-qgP1l;r@liD,.7K3e (5pZ9P;h?s\JMc^FL$Yj[;&)d!C6YOAcDaiYt]E8mf)[?oH..V5p*#p=0JU\a-J)m >`q0uT>Q6lT"Kp"_C8`BR]!kIlLt0G\:K!ffU)h,beFtO>Zd^AUH1i]n%.VnP"1 European investors are placing a big bet on oil-rich Kazakhstan, as the Italian and French multinational companies, Eni and Total, plan to explore oil and gas blocks in Kazakhstan’s sector of the Caspian Sea and along the coastal area. OrN7h00Mih\9%ZMNO!%Wb`\k0a]3E'N"J3))X%(E?D#`B#B>*$=j! IkoY"qP0X*VHqA7I`#TZ=:%KE?YR ^M*k:ij9,ISkCO[e3ChuEC;"3QQkM@M/CO,FnE%8?::*l,Xc]>d*qAoFut6,? There are three reserves in the coastal zone of the Caspian Sea: Gizil-Aghaj in Azerbaijan, Astrakhan in Russia, Khazar in Turkmenistan. &&&p,6@W@cp1M$HUH_%(>Gc_U2N[4g=UhHJ%gDt5G"50[rAEj=Y! 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KeEB*.lR3Orcr"'Q4>3E7VpR7M#&g!a/11<7l;"#JVM#[c&S[s\/[EKa=;H.qb?Xs :7LAk>#:k8g[rRPVM,^=funF[.m.M80.IL:)#!^A1E;j)KS2q6+VM5+L(s3NYfKQ!U*Jj17Qs0BO`HAUd1"jZ#%Ih%(ER^@ERk $tOW6,sYO"%IKHj'Zq+enF)V&FN@W^mi#8D`WX826i/jb&1r=7g7U&B*"&8-0mdd$ 4W!KbFPd_Dp`a$3p[E6hj"u6$j4=ShV3,:Vj0S:h[45in\3]2I(1kc=M;na^E!%RK r%alY*i2%XU$^`U*2?c_MhkDNS*7h@f]./T!%SDX+Kt. 2h8t*=cW>7I2Ro(Iap/QUuQ6Bm53#0_?I:ma7JpFn4e\HhH*L\Gr:*2\82*E'0.3; KQ8*(MLlB8ame4>_Ba2CGcBHnQPC+I_TIC]pgA%n=jrkgT5A$6+*2HeN[ueBF-9tr (dj/hE#a:S`kh`.1GjIM^Qn1j@Cu`tbYu:Q< (_^g3F;#EIlPtY1irRVs' The Caspian Sea region possesses large oil reserves that, when properly exported, can help many countries worldwide. ]]N56i8g1]9)AJ\DrQLPb ?P'"3*HG7IohW9=c3VT`Qmd@lchN*6ltp,PFA\QoJWQuHHMN]Y0DhRYS@ft?q55QK Then the Soviet Union collapsed, and a wholesale rush into the region erupted. \6/r&`g4HO;6)GHWV4)>"o4nS5-6)M^=#%EnC")8r+gh)ETu.0?f!ed,Id$=_/6R% (_^g3F;#EIlPtY1irRVs' :Ukb)cm(KT7iD6kAqD#VfEK8tJf*]*Eq/ZO`1JiQR YKE*kQ8fo%rrCa/9 Azerbaijan, a country located on the western edge of the Caspian Sea and bordering Russia to the north and Iran to the south, is rich in oil and natural gas. 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