75, 337345 (2002). We showed that a largely unmitigated pandemic, in a context of local inequalities, resulted in a high and unequal mortality burden. Lancet Glob. and JavaScript. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Res. From these studies, we conclude that the quantitative esterification of the polymer results from the hydrophobic reaction environment created by the polymer backbone and the 2-ethylhexanol solvent. Third, reports of long-term consequences of COVID-19 among survivors continue to emerge32,33, including fatigue and neurological, pulmonary and cardiovascular complications, among others. et al. Nature and Biodiversity ). S2). Slider with three articles shown per slide. Castro, M. C. et al. Sci. "Climate action". Chem. Unfortunately, most used diapers sit in landfills without substantial biodegradation, or are incinerated. Coates, G. W. & Getzler, Y. D. Y. L. Chemical recycling to monomer for an ideal, circular polymer economy. & Garenne, M. The 1918 influenza epidemics effects on sex differentials in mortality in the United States. Also in May 2021, the first case of the Delta variant (B.1.617.2), first detected in India, was reported in Brazil26. Pereira, A. K., Oliveira, M. S. & Sampaio, T. S. Heterogeneidades das polticas estaduais de distanciamento social diante da COVID-19: aspectos polticos e tcnico-administrativos. Plots of weight-average molar mass (Mw) versus time and maximum specific energy (wmax) for sonicating PAAP&G at a 2.5% w/v and b 5.0% w/v. In contrast, few studies have examined recycling of the sodium polyacrylate superabsorbent polymers. On. ]}JazX HuEYW0l n5!R?VF|-ww!OHq3G,a@n:X%~m=}WW[ll_oq 3 0 obj Am. e65 declined by a larger percentage for males than females in all states, reflecting mens higher risks of dying from COVID-19 (ref. Also, demographic projections did not account for the pandemic context and might have overestimated population size. Arena, U., Ardolino, F. & Gregorio, F. D. Technological, environmental and social aspects of a recycling process of post-consumer absorbent hygiene products. D.I.C., M.I.J., and E.N.G.M. Teikti paraik ia. Article To circumvent these challenges, the water by-product can be selectively removed via azeotropic distillation, or a large excess of alcohol can be employed44,45. http://olheparaafome.com.br/VIGISAN_Inseguranca_alimentar.pdf (2021). Marinho, F. et al. What it lacks is leadership commitment to save lives. b, Estimated change in e65 in 2020 based on the difference from life tables calculated for 2019 and 2020 by state and sex. ACS Sustain. Chem. Rede Genmica Fiocruz. Nat Commun 12, 4524 (2021). Rede PENSSAN. Therefore, COVID-19 sequelae might shorten individual lifespan. The authors declare no competing financial interests. Also, the states with extreme values changed only for e65 for both sexes, with the lowest shifting from Roraima in 2019 to Amazonas in 2020. Reduction in life expectancy in Brazil after COVID-19. Expected deaths in the presence of COVID-19 are calculated by assuming that individuals who do not die of COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021 are subject to the mortality rates of 2019. When we started back in 1995, we were the first company in the world to provide a new kind of electricity- the green kind. To access more than one type of pressure-sensitive adhesive, we needed a method to shorten the linear polymers obtained after the decrosslinking step. . Under ultrasound, solvodynamic shear forces cleave polymer chains into shorter fragments while maintaining the polymers chemical identity. and S.G. conducted the formal analysis. First, we estimate that COVID-19 deaths in the first 4 months of 2021 have already reduced e0 by 1.8 years, and the ultimate effect on 2021 e0 will be even greater. I\{vd^TC{3SR ZL]hXSU}HcQnVH~;kJ{r]%44FG>~iOq|_nK.u2AMr4P'1Lc3FwMEEet8uU6BmgM1jH#Nip $jmVP->Y$FB4|Kf }Y Before COVID-19, e0 in Brazil lagged behind many countries in Asia, Europe and the Americas. On average, larger declines in e0 and e65 were estimated in the North regions and smaller in the South regions (Fig. Abbasi, J. defined the methodology. Several routes for converting the polyacrylic acid into a polyacrylate were compared. Both methods resulted in larger estimates of life expectancy decline compared to the difference between 2019 and 2020 period life tables (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2): for example, for Brazil (both sexes), the decline in e0 was estimated at 1.92 years (DT20) and 1.67 years (DT19) versus 1.31 years (difference between 2019 and 2020 life tables). X.iieS(,& Aburto, J. M. et al. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. In this approach, the VW for each PSA is constructed from the dynamic storage (G) and loss (G) moduli at representative bonding and debonding frequencies of 0.01 and 100Hz, respectively. sub-programme "Climate change mitigation and adaptation to change. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. We used several data sources to estimate the changes in e0 and e65 due to COVID-19 by state and sex in Brazil. . Prajapat, A. L. & Gogate, P. R. Intensification of depolymerization of polyacrylic acid solution using different approaches based on ultrasound and solar irradiation with intensification studies. J. Lancet Respir. Proven ability to identify and interpret a. These are some examples of deteriorating health conditions that not only will generate a higher demand for healthcare services but also might affect future mortality patterns. Jennifer Sargent was the primary editor on this article and managed its editorial process and peer review in collaboration with the rest of the editorial team. In the Northeast, however, the estimated decreases in life expectancy in 2020 are smaller than in the North. x\[s8~w! LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Nature Governance Standard Action Projects (SAPs) Strategic Nature Projects (SNAPs) SNAPs: (1)target the implementation of the Prioritised Action Frameworks (PAF) other plans or strategies adopted at international, national, regional or multiregional level by nature B Biol. Peer review information Nature Medicine thanks Pedro Hallal, Usama Bilal and Vladimir Canudas Romo for their contribution to the peer review of this work. A conscientious employee, willing to learn new skills, open to instruction and feedback with a background in varied product, process and people management. Google Scholar. Created a powerful network of specialist vendors Key qualities and experiences: Project delivery of complicated, multi stream, long-term projects from inception to BAU Business process optimization. All environmental data were gathered from experiments, literature, or the ecoinvent database (version 3.5)51, and implemented in SimaPro v. 9.0.0.4850, as described in detail within the Supporting Information (Supplementary Information pgs S36S41). Barone, M. T. U. et al. T.A. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in 9, 407418 (2021). Specifically, using a 2 or 3 step synthetic process, the sodium polyacrylate is converted into a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA), which has a significant global market (expected to be $13 billion by 2023) (https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/pressure-sensitive-adhesives-market). 3, e1700782 (2017). https://www.petrochemistry.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/150727_EBAM-Eco-profile-Acrylic-Monomers-1.pdf (Cefic European Basic Acrylic Monomers Sector group (EBAM): Brussels, 2015). The South was the last region to be severely hit by COVID-19 in 2020 (ref. We demonstrate herein that our open-loop recycling approach to pressure-sensitive adhesives from superabsorbent polymers outcompetes the petroleum-derived syntheses on nearly every metric, including global warming potential and cumulative energy demand. Faria, N. R. et al. Marcia C. Castro. Stab. JRSvk] Fagnani, D. E. et al. J. Phys. The materials, equipment, synthetic methods, as well as all processed data generated in this study are provided in the Supplementary Information file. Recent efforts to sidestep this degradation using microwaves and added radical initiators led to oligomeric products with 5060% decarboxylation19. Rev. H2SO4 with heating (Fig. Because these data are not available by age and sex, we used de-identified publicly available data on severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) hospitalizations from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (Sistema de Informao de Vigilncia Epidemiolgica da Gripe, or SIVEP-Gripe, in Portuguese). The resulting chain-shortened PAAP&G fragments were then dialyzed to remove excess acid, lyophilized, and then ground into a powder. Collias, D. I. et al. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Revista de Administrao Pblica 54, 678696 (2020). In a previous paper, we described the spatiotemporal patterns of the spread of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Brazil18. 1). Prod. For example, upon heating, polyacrylic acid is known to undergo dehydration and decarboxylation in bulk17 and solution18, respectively. Considering the large COVID-19 death toll in Brazil, with marked regional inequalities, our goal was to quantify the loss in e0 and e65 in 2020 and in the first 4 months of 2021 due to the pandemic. Nature Communications (Nat Commun) Excess mortality in Brazil: a detailed description of trends in mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rochman, C. M. Microplastics research-from sink to source. Similarly, given the higher risk of dying from COVID-19 at older ages5, the death toll can be measured by e65, defined as the average number of years that a 65-year-old person would be expected to live if subject to the underlying mortality rates for ages 65 and above in a specific year. 32, 290299 (2016). Formal training in customer service with. Boletim Extraordinrio do Observatrio Covid-19 Fiocruz. Decrosslinking has been reported using ozonolysis16, though not for the purposes of mechanical recycling. The new plastics economy: rethinking the future of plastics & catalyzing action. BMJ Open 11, e042934 (2021). For example, FaterSMART, a Proctor and Gamble (P&G) affiliated company, has developed and implemented a diaper recycling facility that includes used diaper acquisition, steam sterilization, shredding, and separation into the purified raw materials (cellulosics, superabsorbent polymer, and polyolefins)29. 1d). In this work, we report a mild and efficient synthetic route for open-loop recycling the acrylic-based superabsorbent material used in diapers. We have included these important steps in our life cycle assessments, however, our syntheses utilized the more readily accessible samples of superabsorbent polymer used to manufacture diapers at P&G. The magnitude of the COVID-19 death toll was not homogenous across states and was associated with the pattern of spread18. <> (In contrast to this assumption, the potential dependence between COVID-19 and other causes might lead to modified probabilities of dying from other causes if COVID-19 were eliminated or added as a cause of death.) MRS Bull. However, for a given year, we can identify states with the largest reductions. The consequences, sadly and unacceptably, will continue to be measured in human lives lost, and the future demographic consequences might be even worse than those reported here. We surmise that the estimates derived from the decrement life table techniques (DT19 and DT20) are higher than those reported in the text because of additional biases related to violation of the assumption of independence between COVID-19 and other causes and misdiagnosis of cause of death. 63/174,000 (filed April 13, 2021). & Pimenta, D. N. Community health workers reveal COVID-19 disaster in Brazil. 8). For all intervals except ages 01, 15 and 90+, the interval length n is 5 years wide. Article Huang, C. et al. Chem. Opening date: 13 July 2021 Deadline: 30 November 2021 Code: LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Programme: LIFE - Programme for the Environment and Climate Action Go to the call Objective To contribute to the protection of nature and biodiversity by: Supporting nature and biodiversity policy and legislation compliance assurance, and/or LIFE-2022-SAP-NAT-GOV Gamtos valdysenos projektai (angl. Nuzzo, J. Science 360, 2829 (2018). Manages sample collection and retention strategy. 1b and Supplementary Table 2)5. For DT19, nRx is calculated as the ratio of expected deaths in the absence of COVID-19 to expected deaths in the presence of COVID-19. Scope: Nature 594, 259264 (2021). We estimated reductions in e0 and e65 due to COVID-19, for each state and sex, from the difference between the 2020 period life table and the DT20 estimates (Supplementary Tables 3 and 4), between the 2019 period life table and the DT19 estimates for 2020 (Supplementary Tables 5 and 6) and between the 2019 period life table and the DT19 estimates for 2021 (Supplementary Table 11). T.A., S.G. and S.K. C.M.T. Between 1945 and 2020, e0 in Brazil increased from 45.5 years to 76.7 years10, an average of almost 5 months per calendar year. (ed.) However, this process utilizes expensive solvents (dimethylsulfoxide or dimethylformamide) and stoichiometric quantities of base (tetramethylguanidine), both of which would likely be too costly for large-scale recycling of waste superabsorbent materials. life-2021-sap-nat nature #life 2021 sap env gov #life-2021-sap-nat nature #life 2021 ta pp env sip #Life Call #life programme 2021 #LIFE Program #call for proposals climate change 2021 #life 2021 strat two stage M.C.C. Roberts, I. 8,17). interpreted the data. Hone, T. et al. Fundao Oswaldo Cruz. Silveira, M. F. et al. Raber, D. J. et al. Liu, Y., Lotero, E. & Goodwin, J. G. Jr Effect of water on sulfuric acid catalyzed esterification. DT19 and DT20 assess the effect of including and excluding, respectively, only deaths for which COVID-19 was listed as the underlying cause on the death certificate. Google Scholar. Sci. & Urey, H. C. The mechanisms of acid catalyzed ester hydrolysis, esterification and oxygen exchange of carboxylic acids. This was the case for 12 of the 27 states (Fig. 21, 12181230 (2016). Frequently Asked Questions and M.I.J. performed the life cycle assessments mentored by J.A. For e65, the decline in 2021 was estimated at 1.05 years for both sexes (Fig. In contrast, when acetic acid was reacted with ethanol/water, the conversion was only 68%. As of 29 May 2021, the number of COVID-19 deaths in Brazil was 137% of those reported in 2020; in Amazonas, for every COVID-19 death in 2020, there have been 1.5 deaths in 2021. 24, 561564 (2021). (Carl Hanser Verlag 2012). As with 2020, for both e0 and e65, the lowest declines in 2021 were concentrated in the Northeast, whereas the South, which had relatively smaller declines in 2020, is estimated to have a much greater loss in 2021. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003). First, differences in these period life expectancies capture both direct and indirect mortality effects of COVID-19 in 2020. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Researchers investigate what COVID-19 does to the heart. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Projects focussing exclusively on governance are excluded from this Call topic and covered by the related Call topic LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV. M.S. 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Reduction in life expectancy in Brazil after COVID-19, \({\,}_nD_x = ({\,}_nK_x - \,_nD_x^{COV})({\,}_n^ \ast M_x) + \,_nD_x^{COV}\), $${\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{R}}_{\boldsymbol{x}} = \frac{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}^ \ast {\boldsymbol{D}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}}{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{D}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}}$$, $${\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{p}}_{\boldsymbol{x}} = {\boldsymbol{e}}^{\left( {\frac{1}{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{R}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}}\, \ast \,\log \left( {{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}^ \ast {\boldsymbol{p}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}} \right)} \right)}$$, $${\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{q}}_{\boldsymbol{x}} = 1 - {\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{p}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}$$, $${\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{a}}_{\boldsymbol{x}} = {\boldsymbol{n}} + \frac{1}{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{R}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}} \ast \frac{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}^ \ast {\boldsymbol{q}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}}{{{\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}{\boldsymbol{q}}_{\boldsymbol{x}}}} \ast ({\,}_{\boldsymbol{n}}^ \ast {\boldsymbol{a}}_{\boldsymbol{x}} - {\boldsymbol{n}})$$, $${\,}_\infty {\boldsymbol{a}}_{90} = {\,}_\infty ^ \ast {\boldsymbol{a}}_{90}\, \ast _\infty {\boldsymbol{R}}_{90}$$, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01437-z.