Figure 12b. 2020, Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vol. Adenovirus is a double-stranded DNA virus with more than 50 identified serotypes that account for 5%–10% of all respiratory tract infections in children (11). Measles.—Measles is one of the three major infectious diseases worldwide and causes approximately 1.5 million childhood deaths per year. Viruses in the same viral family share a similar pathogenesis of pneumonia, and the imaging patterns have distinguishable characteristics. The aim of the study was to build the reporting scheme of chest CT in COVID-19 pneumonia. (b, c) Axial thin-section (1-mm collimation) chest CT images obtained on the same day show irregular patchy consolidation (arrows) along the bronchovascular bundles and in peripheral areas of the lungs, bronchial wall thickening, and interlobular septal thickening (arrowhead), with a small amount of bilateral pleural effusion (*). (b, c) Axial thin-section (1-mm collimation) CT images obtained on the same day, at the lower trachea level (b) and interlobar area level (c), show ill-defined GGO nodules, interlobular septal thickening (arrowheads), and diffuse GGO (arrows) in both lungs, with a scanty amount of bilateral pleural effusion (* in c). In bronchiolar disease, the regions of decreased attenuation seen in the lung at inspiration are also seen at expiration owing to air trapping and show little increase in attenuation or decrease in volume as seen with primary vascular lung disease (47,48) (Fig 6). JRS Data Repository for Surveillance of Virus Pneumonia in Japan. Human parainfluenza virus is genetically and antigenically divided into types 1–4. Pneumonia due to HMPV in a 50-year-old woman who presented with fever, cough, and sputum. 2, 30 March 2020 | Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging, Vol. In the context of viral diseases, the most dramatic cause of widespread smooth thickening of the interlobular septa is acute respiratory distress syndrome (66). 1, Computers in Biology and Medicine, Vol. (a) Initial chest radiograph shows multinodular airspace opacity (arrows) in the right lung. 1, Radiología (English Edition), Vol. (a, b) Initial axial chest CT images at the main bronchial level (a) and the interlobar area level (b) show multifocal ill-defined nodular GGO lesions (arrows) along the bronchovascular bundles and mild bronchial wall thickening (arrowheads). After a 17–42-day incubation period, clinical phases initiate with the prodromal phase and continue to cardiopulmonary and convalescent phases. However, there was no evidence of coinfection. 3, 4 February 2020 | Radiology, Vol. The risk of disseminated disease increases in patients with lymphoma and in immunocompromised or pregnant patients (23). The most familiar formats use DNA or RNA target amplification methods for enhanced sensitivity above that of culture and antigen-based procedures (28). Although authors of some case reports have discussed the imaging findings of human bocavirus pneumonia as reticulonodular infiltration predominantly in both lower lobes (38), this virus is a recently discovered pathogen, and the imaging findings have not been well established. II. 25, No. (b) Frontal chest radiograph obtained 6 hours later demonstrates rapid progression to diffuse perihilar and lower lung consolidation, reflecting associated diffuse alveolar damage. The lesions may calcify, and well-defined scattered 2–3-mm hyperattenuating calcifications can persist (25). Pneumonia due to human bocavirus in a 63-year-old man who presented with fever and had undergone chemotherapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma. CMV pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality following hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplantation and in patients with AIDS in whom CD4 cells are decreased to fewer than 100 cells per cubic millimeter. Pleural effusion is common. The most common CT findings consist of focal, multifocal, or diffuse ground-glass opacities or areas of consolidation (76) (Fig 13). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is expressed in the lungs and kidneys, and the SARS virus induces direct lung injury by involving angiotensin-converting enzyme, which contributes to diffuse alveolar damage. 18, No. In November and December of the same year, 18 additional cases of human H5N1 infections were identified—six of which were fatal (78). ... Cavitation is not seen in viral pneumonia, mycoplasma and rarely in streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumonia is also increasingly prevalent in patients with specific comorbidities or risk factors, including smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, diabetes mellitus, malignancy, heart failure, neurologic diseases, narcotic and alcohol use, and chronic liver disease. Radiological features of pneumonia Dr. Prithwiraj Maiti MBBS House Physician, Department of Internal Medicine R.G.Kar Medical College Admin and Founder, Pgblaster India Author of: “A Practical Handbook of Pathology Specimens and Slides” and “An Ultimate Guide to Community Medicine”; published by Jaypee Brothers, India Pneumonia due to HSV in a 72-year-old woman with multiple myeloma. • Describe the role of thin-section thoracic CT in the diagnosis viral pneumonia. The manifestations of HPIV infection are diverse, including otitis media, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, croup, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Frequent CT features for both COVID-19 and non-COVID viral pneumonia were a mixed pattern of ground-glass opacity (GGO) and consolidation (COVID-19, 0.37; 0.17-0.56; non-COVID, 0.46; 0.35-0.58) or predominantly GGO pattern (COVID-19, 0.42; 0.28-0.55; non-COVID 0.25; 0.17-0.32), bilateral distribution (COVID-19, 0.81; 0.77-0.85; non-COVID, 0.69; 0.54-0.84), and involvement … For example, RSV and HPIV replicate in the nasopharyngeal epithelium, spread to the lungs, and induce bronchiolitis with sloughing of epithelial cells of the small airways (6). Lei J. , et al., CT imaging of the 2019 novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia, Radiology (2020), DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2020200236. They are single-stranded RNA viruses that are divided into three groups (A, B, and C) according to internal membrane and nucleoprotein antigens. The initial symptoms and signs may be categorized into several clinical syndromes (25). The patient died despite intensive medical care. Figure 2: Histopathologic features of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis in a child. Schemas show typical CT patterns of viral pneumonia. The important factor is progression of the lung changes and diffuse distribution in both lungs. Clinical Manifestations and Radiologic Findings with Emphasis on MDCT. (a) Chest radiograph shows diffuse irregular patchy consolidation (arrows) and GGO in both lungs. Infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus infection usually occurs in adolescents with a triad of symptoms including fever with insidious onset of weakness (malaise), tonsillar pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy. The first goal of this review is to indicate that there are imaging features that should raise the possibility of viral infections. 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